B2 - cell structure- animal, plants, bacteria, specialised Flashcards
what are the organelles in an animal cell (6)
nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosome, mitochondria, glycogen granules
Whare are the organelles in a plant cell (9)
nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosome, mitochondria, permanent vacuole, cell wall, chloroplast, starch grain
what are the organelles in a bacteria cell (6)
cytoplasm, cell membrane, plasmid, ribosomes, cell wall, circular DNA
what is the functions of nucleus
- controls all cell activites
- contains genetic information (DNA)
what is the function of cytoplasm
gel- like substance in cell which contains the organelles
what is the function of cell membrane
-selectively permeable
-controls which substances enter or leave the cell
what is the function of ribosomes
carries out protein synthesis
what is the function of mitchondria
carries out aerobic respiration which releases energy
what is the function of glycogen granules
temporary food store of carbohydrates
what is the function of permanent vacoule
-contains salts sugars and cell sap
-keeps cell turgid to support the plant
what is the function of cell wall (plants)
- made of cellulose
-fully permeable - supports and protects cell
-keeps cell from bursting - keeps cell shape
what is the function of chloroplast
-contains chlorophyll (green pigment which absorbs light energy)
-site of photosynthesis
-makes glucose and sugar
what is the function of starch grains
-store of carbohydrates
what is the function of circular DNA
-contains genetic information (DNA)
-controls all cell activites
what is the function of cell wall (bacteria)
-made of peptidoglycans (contain protein)
-fully permeable
-keeps cell from bursting
what is the function of plasmid
-small circle of DNA containing survival genes which can be transferred to other bacteria
what is the difference in ribosome in bacteria than plant and animal cells
ribosomes in bactria are smaller than the ribosomes in plant and animal cells
what is the function of cytoplasm in bacteria cells
-gel- like substance in cell which contains the organelles
-site of chemical reaction
what do bacteria cell not have the plant cells do
nucleus, mitochondria, permanent vacuole, chloroplast
what is the difference in shape of plant and animal cells
animal- irregular
plant- regular
what is the difference in the type of vacuole animal and plant cells have
animal- small, temporary
plant- large, permanent, central
how do bacteria reproduce
binary fission
how doe binary fission work
- the original bacteria cell expands to a critical length and a copy of the DNA is synthesized ( DNA replication)
[DNA is copied so that the number of loops in the daughter cells are identical to the original cell] - Daughters cells are formed- genetically identical to the original cell (clones)
define generation time
time taken for each cell to divide into 2
what are the specialised cells (7)
Red blood cells, Ciliated cells, Palisade mesophyll cells, Root hair cells, Sperm cells, Egg cells, Neuron cells
what does the red blood cell do
transport oxygen
what does the ciliated cells do
movement of mucus in the trachea and bronchi
what does the palisade mesophyll cells do
trap light for photosynthesis
what does the root hair cells do
absorption of water and minerals
what does the sprem cells do
reproduction
what does the egg cells do
reproduction
what does the Neuron cells do
conduction of electrical impulses
what are the specialised parts in a red blood cell
- no nucleus
- cytoplasm contains haemoglobin
- bi- concave shape
what are the specialised parts in a ciliated cell
- cilia (layers of tiny hair)
what are the specialised parts in a palisade mesophyll cell
-many chloroplast
- starch
-column shaped
what are the specialised parts in a root hair cell
- increases surface area
-thin cell walls
what are the specialised parts in a sperm cell
- acrosome
- head
-mid piece
-flagellum (tail)
what are the specialised parts in a egg cell
-haploid
- cytoplasm
-cell membrane
what are the specialised parts in a neuron cell
- dendrites
- myelin (fatty sheath)
-very long
how dose the specialised parts in red blood cell help
-no nucleus - allows more room for haemoglobin
-cytoplasm - contains haemoglobin (protein which carries oxygen molecules)
-bi- concave shape - increases surface for faster absorption of oxygen
how dose the specialised parts in ciliated cells help
-cilia - move and push mucus - transports trapped dust and microbes
how dose the specialised parts in palisade mesophyll cells help
-many chloroplast - have chlorophyll and enzymes to make glucose by photosynthesis - for most light absorption for photosynthesis
-starch - stores carbohydrates in cytoplasm
-column shape - max absorption of light - fit as many as possible in the leaf
how dose the specialised parts in root hair cell help
-increased surface area - mas absorption of water and minerals
-thin cell walls - water moves through quickly (faster absorption)
how dose the specialised parts in sperm cell help
-acrosome - has digestive enzymes to penetrate egg
- head - has haploid - contains genetic information - has 23 chromosomes
- mid piece - has lots mitochondria to release energy to swim and fertalise egg
-flagellum - helps sperm to swim to egg
how dose the specialised parts in egg cell help
-haploid - contains genetic information - has 23 chromosomes
-cytoplasm - has nutrients for growth of early embryo
- cell membrane - changes after fertalisation by a single sperm cell to prevent more than 1 sperm entering
how dose the specialised parts in neuron cells
- dendrites - communicates with other cells
- myelin (fatty sheath) - speeds up impulses
-very long - rapid transmition over a long distance
how does change in shape of red blood cell change its function
-less surface area
-less oxygen transported
