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Biology > D.1 HUMAN NUTRITION > Flashcards

D.1 HUMAN NUTRITION Flashcards

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1
Q

DIET CONSISTS OF

A

carbohydrates

lipids

proteins

dietary minerals

vitamins

water

fibre

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2
Q

CARBOYDRATES

A

these are a source of energy but can be replaced by lipids

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3
Q

LIPIDS

A

most fatty acids can be synthesised in the body

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4
Q

GLYCEROL

A

lipid

can be synthesised from glucose

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5
Q

ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS

A 
omega 3 (fish oils)
omega 6

linoleic acid (sunflower seeds)

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6
Q

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

A
  • Histidine
  • Valine
  • Leucine
  • Lysine
  • Methionine
  • Phenylalanine
  • Tryptophan
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7
Q

CONDITIONALLY ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

A

threonine

arginine

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8
Q

ARGININE

A

can be syn if AA phenylalanine is present

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9
Q

THREONINE

A

essential AA for infants but adults can syn it

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10
Q

LACK OF ESSENTIAL AA MEANS

A

that certain proteins cannot be synthesised

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11
Q

NUTRIENT

A

chemical substances found in foods use in human body

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12
Q

ESSENTIAL

A

foods are the only possible source of the nutrient-calcium/water

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13
Q

NON-ESSENTIAL

A

another nutrient can be used for the same purpose or can be made in the body from another nutrient-glucose/starch/carbohydrates

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14
Q

CONDITIONALLY ESSENTIAL

A

vitamin K produced by metabolism of symbiotic bacteria in the intestine in adults only

Infants do not have colonies of such bacteria= require supplementary injections

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15
Q

MALNUTRITION CAUSES

A

deficiency of nutrients (proteins)

imbalance of nutrients (insufficient vitamins/ minerals)

excess of nutrients

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16
Q

FIBRE

A

cellulose cannot be digested but is imported for maintaining the strength of the gut muscles for peristalsis

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17
Q

ESSENTIAL VITAMINS

A

A B C

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18
Q

CONDITIONALLY ESSENTIAL VITAMINS

A

D

can be synthesised in the skin in sunlight

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19
Q

NON-ESSENTIAL VITAMINS

A

K H

syn in large intestine

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20
Q

DIETART MINERALS

A

essential

calcium-bones/teeth

Na/K/Cl

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21
Q

APPETITE CONTROL CENTRE

A

in hypo makes us feel satiated

When APCC receives insulin, PYY3 and leptin

it reduces desire to eat: avoid overeating

22
Q

ACC AND SI

A

S.I secretes hormone PYY3-36 when full

23
Q

ACC AND PANCREAS

A

Pancreas: insulin when blood glucose > conc

24
Q

ACC AND ADIPOSE TISSUE

A

Adipose tissue: hormone leptin when amount of stored fat increases

25
Q

OVERWEIGHT CAUSES

A

Diets rich in fat/ low in fibre

overeating

lack of exercise

genetic factors-metabolic R

26
Q

OVERWEIGHT AND TYPE I

A

➢ Auto-immune destruction of insulin-secreting cells in the pancreas (type 1)

27
Q

OVERWEIGHT AND TYPE II

A

➢ Decreased responsiveness of body cells to insulin due to ‘burn-out’ (type 2)
o Elevated blood glucose
o Glucose in urine
o Dehydration an thirst resulting from excretion of large volumes of urine

28
Q

OVERWEIGHT AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS

A

narrowing of arteries by fatty deposits

29
Q

OVERWEIGHT AND HYPERTENSION

A

Raised blood pressure

Weight gain→ higher cardiac output which can raise blood pressure

Abdominal obesity can increase vascular resistance which can raise blood pressure

Weight gain is associated with arteries becoming stiffer and narrower→ raise blood P

30
Q

OVERWEIGHT AND CHD

A

narrowing of the coronary arteries with risk of <3 attack

Link between high cholesterol, high conc of LDL and low conc of HDL

Clear correlation between excessive weight gain and hypertension

abnormally >blood P

31
Q

STARVATION EFFECTS

A
  1. Body access glycogen stores
  2. Break down its own muscle to utilise the resulting AA as E
    a. If no glucose is available
  3. AA → liver→ converted to glucose
  4. Loss in muscle mass = BREAKDOWN OF BODY TISSUE
32
Q

STARVATION CAUSES

A

due to severe lack of intake of essential nutrients

33
Q

PKU CAUSES

A

⇒ Genetic disease caused by mutation of a gene coding for the enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine

⇒ Mutation produces alleles of the gene that code for enzymes unable to catalyse the conversion reaction

⇒ Only occurs with 2 recessive mutant alleles→ RECESSIVE MUTATION

⇒ Phenylalanine accumulates in body→ deficiency in tyrosine

34
Q

PKU CONSEQUENCES

A

⇒ Reduced growth of head/brain

⇒ Mental retardation of young children

⇒ severe learning difficulties/ hyperactivity/ seizures

⇒ lack of skin/ hair pigmentation

35
Q

PKU TREATMENTS

A

⇒ early diagnosis/treatment: test 24 hours after birth

⇒ diet low in phenylalanine for the rest of person’s life (meat/fish/nuts/cheese/peas/beans only in small quantities)

⇒ tyrosine supplements may be needed

36
Q

ANOREXIA

A

Voluntary starvation and loss of body mass

→ Amounts of carbohydrates and fat consumed are too small to satisfy the body’s energy requirements

→ so protein/other chemicals are broken down

37
Q

ANOREXIA CONSEQUENCES 6

A

⇒ Wasting of muscles = loss of strength

⇒ Hair becomes thinner/drops out/ Skin becomes dry/bruises easily

⇒ Blood pressure is reduced→ slow heart rate and circulation

⇒ Females: infertility→ no ovulation/ menstrual cycle

⇒ Skeletal muscle is digested + heart muscle deteriorates

⇒ Lack of protein/micronutrients= deterioration of muscle fibres

⇒ Both skeletal/cardiac muscle do not contract normally

38
Q

VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY

A

Lack of vitamin D or calcium can affect bone mineralization and cause rickets or osteomalacia

39
Q

VITAMIN D SOURCE

A

oily fish/eggs/liver

40
Q

VITAMIN D SYNTHESIS

A

⇒ Can be synthesised by the skin
o Only when light is 290-310 nm
⇒ Enough time spent outside = no diet supplement

41
Q

VITAMIN D USE

A

r calcium absorption from food in intestines → similar symptoms as calcium lack

42
Q

VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY SOL

A

Children/pregnant/elderly = daily supplement

43
Q

CHOLESTEROL

A

normal component of plasma membranes

44
Q

CHOLESTEROL AS HARMFUL

A

because research has shown a correlation between high levels of cholesterol in blood plasma and an increased risk of coronary heart disease CHD

45
Q

LDL

A

• Much research has involved total blood cholesterol levels but only cholesterol in LDL is implicated in CHD

46
Q

REDUCING DIETARY CHOLESTEROL

A

• Reducing dietary cholesterol often has a very small effect on blood cholesterol levels and therefore has little effect on CHD rates

47
Q

CHOLESTEROL LEVELS AND LIVER

A

Liver can synthesise cholesterol so dietary cholesterol is not the only source

48
Q

GENETIC AND CHOLESTEROL LEVELS

A

Genetic factors are more important than dietary intake

49
Q

DRUGS AND CHOLESTEROL LEVELS

A

Drugs can be more effective at reducing blood cholesterol levels

50
Q

CHD AND SATURATED FATS

A

There is a +ve correlative between dietary intake of saturated fats and intake of cholesterol

Saturated fats, not cholesterol, cause the increased risk of CHD

Biology (40 decks)

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