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Biology > 6.1 DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION > Flashcards

6.1 DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION Flashcards

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1
Q

ESSENTIAL IDEA

A

the structure of the wall of the small intestine allows it to move, digest and absorb food

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2
Q

ANNOTATED DIAGRAM OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

A

https://image.slidesharecdn.com/biok6-160120014802/95/bioknowledgy-presentation-on-61-digestion-and-absorption-5-638.jpg?cb=1453254838

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3
Q

MOUTH

A

chewing (mechanical digestion)

saliva moistens the food to make a bolus for swallowing

salivary amylase begins chemical digestion of starch

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4
Q

OESOPHAGUS

A

a wave of muscle contractions (peristalsis) pushes the bolus into the stomach

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5
Q

DIGESTION ORDER

A
  1. mouth
  2. oesophagus
  3. stomach
  4. duodenum (S.I)
  5. Ileum (S.I)
  6. large intestine
  7. anus/ egestion
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6
Q

STOMACH

A

muscular contractions continue mechanical digestion

acid kills bacteria

pepsin begins digestion of proteins

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7
Q

DUODENUM (S.I)

A

bile from the liver and gall bladder neutralises acid and emulsifies fats

pancreatic amylase and lipase digest carbohydrates and fats

trypsin digest polypeptides to AA

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8
Q

ILEUM (S.I)

A

lower half of small intestine absorbs nutrients into the blood via the villi

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9
Q

ANUS

A

egestion: faeces containing undigested food, dead cells and other waste, is forced out of the anus

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10
Q

PERISTALSIS AND SI

A

a wave of muscle contractions keeps the mixture of digested and undigested food moving through the intestine

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11
Q

PERISTALSIS

A

contraction of circular and longitudinal muscles of the small intestines mixes the food with enzymes and moves it along the gut

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12
Q

LARGE FOOD MOLECULES BEOFRE THEY CAN BE ABSORBED NEED TO BE

A

digested: hydrolysis

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13
Q

LARGER MOLECULES ARE

A

large food M are usually insoluble and too large for diffusion across membranes into the blood

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14
Q

PRODUCTS OF DIGESTION ARE

A

usually soluble

small enough for absorption into the blood and later assimilation into the tissue

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15
Q

HYDROLYSIS

A

‘water splitting’

reaction used to break down large organic molecules CPL

enzymes are needed

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16
Q

ENZYME

A

globular protein that increase the rate of biochemical reaction by lowering the activation energy threshold

aka: biological catalyst

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17
Q

DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

A

released into the gut from glands and are use in catabolic reactions- they break down larger molecuels

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18
Q

USE OF DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

A

by lowering the activation energy of the reaction, the reaction does not require high temperatures

this is ideal in living things as high temperatures would cause damaged to cells and proteins

by using enzymes, reactions can occur more quickly at body temperatures

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19
Q

3 MAIN TYPES OF DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

A

amylase

protease

lipase

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20
Q

AMYLASE

A

breaks down carbohydrates

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21
Q

AMYLASE EXAMPLE

A

salivary amylase

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22
Q

AMYLASE SUBSTRATE

A

starch

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23
Q

AMYLASE PRODUCT

A

maltose

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24
Q

AMYLASE SOURCE

A

mouth

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25
Q

AMYLASE OPTIMUM PH

A

7-7.8

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26
Q

PROTEASE

A

breaks down polypeptides

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27
Q

PROTEASE EXAMPLE

A

pepsin

28
Q

PROTEASE SUBSTRATE

A

polypeptides

29
Q

PROTEASE PRODUCT

A

amino acids

30
Q

PROTEASE SOURCE

A

stomach

31
Q

PROTEASE OPTIMUM PH

A

2

32
Q

LIPASE

A

breaks down fats and lipids

33
Q

LIPASE EXAMPLE

A

pancreatic lipase

34
Q

LIPASE SUBSTRATE

A

triglyceride

35
Q

LIPASE PRODUCT

A

fatty acids and glycerol

36
Q

LIPASE SOURCES

A

pancreas delivered to S.I

37
Q

LIPASE OPTIMUM PH

A

7.2-7.5

38
Q

PANCREAS

A

synthesizes 3 main types of enzymes:
amylase
lipase
protease

39
Q

PANCREATIC JUICE

A

containing the enzymes is released into the upper region of the S.I (duodenum) via the pancreatic duct

40
Q

FINAL STAGES OF DIGESTION OCCUR?

A

small intestine

41
Q

PANCREATIC DUCT

A

carries pancreatic juice from pancreas to S.I

42
Q

SMALL INTESTINE AND ITS LAYERS

A

mucosa

submucosa

muscular layer

serosa

epithelial cells

43
Q

MUCOSA

A

inner lining, includes villi

44
Q

SUBMUCOSA

A

connective tissue

between mucosa and muscle

45
Q

MUSCULAR LAYER

A

inner circular and outer longitudinal muscles perform peristalsis

46
Q

SEROSA

A

protective outer layer

47
Q

EPITHELIAL CELLS

A

single outer layer of cells on each villus

48
Q

ADAPTATIONS TO ABSORPTION

A

villi increases the surface area of epithelium over which absorption is carried out

49
Q

VILLI- EPITHELIAL CELLS

A

single cell layer of epithelial cells = short path for diffusion

50
Q

MICROVILLI

A

on the surface of each cell increases the surface area even further

51
Q

VILLI-LACTEALS

A

allow for rapid absorption and transport of lipids

52
Q

VILLI-CAPILLARIES

A

close to epithelium
short path of diffusion
rich supply of blood

53
Q

VILLI- RICH BLOOD SUPPLY

A

maintains concentration gradients between lumen and blood

54
Q

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

LIPIDS

A

simple diffusion

non-polar and can pass freely through the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane into the epithelial cells (down the concentration gradient)

55
Q

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

FRUCTOSE, VITAMINS

A

facilitated diffusion

water soluble/ hydrophilic M use channels proteins to pass phospholipid bilayer and enter the epithelial cells (down conc gr.)

56
Q

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

GLUCOSE, AA, MINERAL IONS

A

protein pumps use ATP to move M against conc gr into epithelial cells

57
Q

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

ANTIBODIES FROM BREAST MILK

A

the plasma membrane folds inwards to form vesicles to absorb larger molecules without digesting them

58
Q

DIGESTION OF STARCH INTO GLUCOSE

A

starch consists of amylose and amylopectin

amylase breaks amylose into maltose monomers

dextrinase breaks amylopectin into glucose monomers

maltase digests maltose into glucose monomers

59
Q

TRANSPORT OF THE PRODUCTS OF STARCH DIGESTION TO THE LIVER

A

the digested glucose is absorbed and transported to various body tissues

60
Q

TRANSPORT OF THE PRODUCTS OF STARCH DIGESTION TO THE LIVER 1

A

glucose is co-transported with Na ions into the epithelial cells of the villus

61
Q

TRANSPORT OF THE PRODUCTS OF STARCH DIGESTION TO THE LIVER 2

A

glucose moves by facilitated diffusion into the lumen of the villus

62
Q

TRANSPORT OF THE PRODUCTS OF STARCH DIGESTION TO THE LIVER 3

A

glucose then diffuses a short distance into the adjacent capillaries where it dissolves into the blood plasma

63
Q

TRANSPORT OF THE PRODUCTS OF STARCH DIGESTION TO THE LIVER 4

A

blood in the capillaries move to venules then to the hepatic portal vein which transports the glucose to the liver

64
Q

TRANSPORT OF THE PRODUCTS OF STARCH DIGESTION TO THE LIVER 5

A

the liver absorbs excess glucose which is converted to glycogen for storage

65
Q

DIALYSIS TUBING

A

to model absorption of digested food in the intestine

tube is semi- permeable

Biology (40 decks)

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