Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > 6.3 DEFENSE AGAINST INFECTIOUS DISEASE > Flashcards

6.3 DEFENSE AGAINST INFECTIOUS DISEASE Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ESSENTIAL IDEA

A

the human body has structures and processes that resist the continuous threat of invasion by pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

PATHOGEN

A 
disease causing organism
bacteria
protozoa
viruses
fungi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

PRIMARY DEFENSE AGAINST PATHOGENS THAT CAUSE INFECTIOUS DISEASE

A

skin

mucous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

SKIN AS A DEFENCE

A

continuous: hard to find an opening

many layers/tough

dry

pH: not favourable to pathogens

lysozyme: enzyme break down pathogens

natural organisms: competitive exclusion by non-harmful microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

MUCOUS MEMBRANE AS A DENFENCE

A

sticky mucous: traps invaders

pH: not favourable to pathogens

lysozyme: enzymes break down pathogen

natural organisms: competitive exclusion by non-harmful microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

CLOTTING FACTORS

A

cause a series of reactions which end with fibrin (a protein) fibres forming a mesh across the wound site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

PLATELETS

A

small cell fragments

alongs with damaged tissue release clotting factors in response to a wound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

FIBRIN FIBRES

A

capture blood cells and platelets forming a clot

in the presence of air the clot dries to form a scab which shields the healing tissue underneath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

WHY DOES BLOOD CLOT?

A

to prevent blood loss and the entry of pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

BLOOD CLOT SUMMARY

A 
platelet/ cell damage
clotting factors
thrombin
fibrinogen--> fribin fibres
captures erythrocytes
clot
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

BLOOD CLOT CONVERSION

A

the cascade results in the rapid conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF BLOOD CLOT FORMATION IN CORONARY ARTERIES

A 
cholesterol deposit
plaques
atherosclerosis 
blood clots
heart attack
death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

LEUKOCYTES

A

WBC

phagocytes
–> engulf

lymphocytes

  • -> B cells
  • -> T cells
  • -> killer cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

INGESTION OF PATHOGENS BY PHAGOCYTIC WBC

A

gives non- specific immunity to diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

PHAGOCYTOSIS

A

involves a phagocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

PHAGOCYTOSIS STEP 1

A

detecting and moving towards a foreign material (pathogen) using chemotaxis

17
Q

PHAGOCYTOSIS STEP 2

A

foreign material is ingested by endocytosis

18
Q

PHAGOCYTOSIS STEP 3

A

lysosomes attach to the ingested vesicle (which encloses the foreign material) and release enzymes into it

19
Q

PHAGOCYTOSIS STEP 4

A

the enzyme digests/ breaks down the foreign material

20
Q

PHAGOCYTOSIS STEP 5

A

the remains of the foreign material are expelled from the phagocyte

21
Q

INADEQUATE PHAGOCYTIC RESPONSE

A

if the infection becomes widespread

then lymphocytes which control the specific immune response are used

22
Q

ANTIGENS

A

substance or molecule that causes antibody formation

23
Q

ANTIBODY

A

globular protein that recognises a specific antigen and binds to it as part of an immune response

24
Q

ANTIBODIES ARE SPECIFIC TO

A

certain antigens

25
Q

IMMUNE RESPONSE IS TRIGGERED BY

A

non self cells, which is why matches are crucial in transplant and blood transfusion

26
Q

PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES

A

many different lymphocytes exist

each type recognises one specific antigen

when the immune system is challenged by the invasion of a pathogen, the corresponding lymphocyte responds

it makes many clones of itself, each of which produces antibodies to the pathogen = clonal selection

some cloned cells remain as memory cells, ready for a second invasion by the pathogen
= immunity

27
Q

CLONAL SELECTION

A

the right lymphocyte is selected and then cloned

28
Q

ANTI BIOTICS

A

drugs used in the treatment and prevention of prokaryotic bacteria

29
Q

ANTIBIOTICS ARE DESIGNED TO

A

disrupt structures or metabolic pathways in bacteria and fungi:

cell walls and membranes

protein synthesis (translation)

DNA/RNA synthesis
other metabolic

processes (enzyme function)

30
Q

ANTIBIOTICS AND VIRUSES

A

metabolic pathways do not exist in viruses so antibiotics have no effect upon them

viruses are protected by host cell structure

31
Q

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

A

indiscriminate use of antibiotics is leading to antibiotic resistance in bacteria

32
Q

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND NATURA SELECTION

A

an example of evolution by natural selection

bacteria mutate and resistance to an antibiotic naturally arises

bacteria divide rapidly thus a resistant strain of bacteria can quickly proliferate

over time strains of bacteria can become resistant to multiple strains of bacteria

33
Q

FLOREY AND CHAIN

A

their experiments to test penicillin on bacterial infections in mice/ humans was successful

34
Q

HIV

A

retrovirus: inserts its own RNA into the host cell

eventually HIV particles damages T cells

as a result the immune system is weakened and few antibodies can be produced

35
Q

AIDS

A

syndrome caused by HIV

when a person’s immune system is too weak to fight off infections

develops when HIV is advanced

last stage of HIV

36
Q

HIV transmission

A 
breastfeeding
oral sex
child birth
sexual intercourse
blood to blood contact

Biology (40 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions