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6.2 THE BLOOD SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

ESSENTIAL IDEA

A

the blood system continuously transports substances to cells and simultaneously collects waste product

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2
Q

WHAT IS TRANSPORTED IN THE BLOOD?

A 
oxygen
nutrients
antibodies
hormones
heat
carbon dioxide
urea
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3
Q

COMPONENTS OF BLOOD

A

plasma
erythrocytes-RBC
leucocytes-WBC
platelets

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4
Q

PLASMA

A

dissolves or carries all other components of blood, nutrients, wastes

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5
Q

ERYTHROCYTES RBC

A

transport oxygen in haemoglobin M

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6
Q

LEUCOCYTES WBC

A

phagocytes- engulf pathogens and dead cells

lymphocytes- (B/ T cells) for the immune response

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7
Q

PLATELETS

A

clotting of blood following damage to cells or erythrocytes

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8
Q

ARTERIES

A

carry high pressure blood away from the heart to tissues that need it

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9
Q

CAPILLARIES

A

very small <10 um D
penetrate every tissue
blood moves slowly under low pressure providing opportunities for the exchange of substances

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10
Q

VEINS

A

carry the blood at low pressure back to the heart using valves to ensure blood flow in the correct direction

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11
Q

ARTERIOLES

A

smaller arteries

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12
Q

VENULES

A

smaller veins

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13
Q

STRUCTURE OF ARTERIES

OUTER LAYER

A

thick muscular wall and fibrous outer layer help the artery to withstand high pressure

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14
Q

STRUCTURE OF ARTERIES

LUMEN

A

relatively small lumen (to the wall) maintains high blood pressure

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15
Q

STRUCTURE OF ARTERIES

MUSCLE

A

muscle contracts to decrease the size of the lumen

this causes an increase in blood pressure and

maintains high blood pressure between the pulses of high pressure blood traveling from the heart

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16
Q

STRUCTURE OF ARTERIES

FIBRES

A

elastic fibres stretch to increase the lumen with each pulse of blood

after the pulse of blood passes the fibres recoil decreasing the lumen size

helping maintain a high blood pressure

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17
Q

STRUCTURE OF CAPILLARIES

WALL

A

permeable walls that allow gas exchange of materials between cells in tissue and blood in the capillary

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18
Q

STRUCTURE OF CAPILLARIES

THICKNESS

A

wall is one cell thick which allows easy diffusion of substances in and out of the capillary due to the short diffusion distance

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19
Q

STRUCTURE OF CAPILLARIES

S.A

A

due to the massive number of capillaries present and the small lumen the surface area available for the exchange of substances is very large

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20
Q

STRUCTURE OF CAPILLARIES

WALLS AND MEMBRANES

A

the wall and membrane contain pores to further aid the diffusion of substances

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21
Q

CAPILLARIES ADAPTATIONS

A 
permeable membrane
one cell thick wall
pores
surface area
low pressure
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22
Q

STRUCTURE OF CAPILLARIES

PRESSURE

A

blood travels slowly at low pressure allowing more opportunity for exchange

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23
Q

STRUCTURE OF VEINS

LUMEN/PRESSURE

A

the large lumen means that the blood is under low pressure

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24
Q

STRUCTURE OF VEINS

PRESSURE/WALLS

A

because there is less pressure to resist the walls of the veins are thinner and less elastic than arteries
they also contain less muscle than arteries

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25
STRUCTURE OF VEINS | PRESSURE/ VALVES
because of the low pressure valves are required to prevent the backflow of blood and thus ensure that the blood moves towards the heart
26
WILLIAM HARVEY
discovery of the circulation of the blood with the heart acting as the pump
27
DOUBLE CIRCULATION
blood passes through the heart twice on one circuit of the body
28
DEOXYGENATED BLOOD
low O2 high CO2 returns to the heart via the right atrium its is pumped form the right ventricle to the lungs, where CO2 is offloaded and O2 picked up= oxygenated
29
OXYGENATED BLOOD
high O2 low CO2 enters the left atrium pumped from the left ventricle to the body, where O2 is used for respiration and CO2 is collected as a waste product = deoxygenated back to right atrium
30
DEOXYGENATED TO OXYGENATED BLOOD
CYCLE
31
HEART DIAGRAM
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/biok6-160120014846/95/bioknowledgy-presentation-on-62-the-blood-system-17-638.jpg?cb=1455344238
32
BEATING OF THE HEART IS DUE TO
myogenic muscle contraction
33
MYOGENIC
the myocyte ( the muscle cell) itself is the origin of the contraction and it not controlled externally
34
WHICH REGION OF THE MYOCYTES CONTROLS THE RATE OF THE HEART BEAT?
sinotrial node (pacemaker)
35
WHICH REGION OF THE MYOCYTES CONTROLS THE RATE OF THE HEART BEAT?
sinotrial node (pacemaker)
36
SAN
impulse is sent from the sinotrial node, causing the atria to contract the impulse is conducted to the AV node where it passed through nerves to the muscle of the ventricles, causing them to contract
37
MYOGENIC INITIATION OF THE CONTRACTION MEANS THAT
the heart does not stop beating it is not a conscious process
38
THE HEART RATE CAN BE INCREASED/ DECREASED BY
impulses bought to the heart through two nerves from the medulla of the brain
39
THE HEART RATE IS CONTROLLED BY
the autonomic nervous system the part of the nervous system that responds automatically to changes in body conditions
40
WHEN EXERCISING
more CO2 is present in the blood this is detected by chemoreceptors in the brain's medulla oblangata, resulting in a nerve signal being sent to the SA node to speed the heart rate when CO2 level falls another nerve (vagus) reduces the heart rate
41
ADRENALINE
causes a rapid increase in the heart rate in fight of flight responses, preparing the body of action
42
DIASTOLE
atria and ventricles relaxed blood flows into the heart from veins AV valves opens SL vavles closed *heart sound 2*
43
ATRIAL SYSTOLE
atria contract ventricles relaxed blood pushed into atria AV valves open SL valves closed
44
VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE
atria relaxed ventricles contract blood pushed into arteries AV valves closed *heart sound 1* SL valves closed
45
VENTRICULAR PRESSURE INCREASES AS
ventricle contracts this forces blood into the aorta, increasing aortic pressure
46
VENTRICULAR VOLUME
increases as atrial contraction forces blood into the ventricle decreases as ventricular contraction forces blood into the aorta increases as blood returns to the heart following systole
47
HEART SOUND 1
caused by the closing of the AV valves at ventricular contraction
48
HEART SOUND 2
caused by closing of SL valves after systole (pressure in ventricle is lower than in aorta- backflow of blood closes valves)
49
CARDIAC CYCLE
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/biok6-160120014846/95/bioknowledgy-presentation-on-62-the-blood-system-23-638.jpg?cb=1455344238
50
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
degenerative disease area of the artery wall become damaged cholesterol builds up in damaged areas this eventually forms a plaque and the artery wall loses elasticity as build-ups of cholesterol and plaque form, the lumen narrows, restricting blood flow if plaque ruptures, blood clotting is triggered
51
BLOOD CLOTS
coronary thrombosis
52
CORONARY HEART DISEASE
atherosclerosis can lead to blood clots, and if these clots occur in myocardial tissue = coronary heart disease
53
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION/ HEART ATTACK
occurs if a coronary artery becomes completed blocked coronary muscle tissue dies as a result of lack of blood and oxygen
54
RISK FACTORS IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE
``` genetic age sex smoking diet exercise obesity stress ```
55
RISK FACTORS IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE | GENETIC
some people are predisposed for high cholesterol levels/ high blood pressures
56
RISK FACTORS IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE | AGE
older people are at greater risk due to less elasticity in arteries: ruptures more easily
57
RISK FACTORS IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE | SEX
males are at greater risk than females
58
RISK FACTORS IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE | SMOKING
constricts blood vessels increases blood pressure/ heart rate decreases oxygenation of heart muscle increased fibrinogen and platelets in blood lead to more clotting
59
RISK FACTORS IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE | DIET
increases fat/ cholesterol/ LDL in blood leads to plaque formation in arteries
60
RISK FACTORS IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE | EXERCISE
lack of exercise increases due to weakened circulation
61
RISK FACTORS IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE | OBESITY
increase blood pressure leads to plaque formation in arteries
62
RISK FACTORS IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE | STRESS
stress has been linked to increased cortisol hormones in the blood, causing increased atherosclerosis

Biology (40 decks)

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