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Biology > 6.2 THE BLOOD SYSTEM > Flashcards

6.2 THE BLOOD SYSTEM Flashcards

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1
Q

ESSENTIAL IDEA

A

the blood system continuously transports substances to cells and simultaneously collects waste product

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2
Q

WHAT IS TRANSPORTED IN THE BLOOD?

A 
oxygen
nutrients
antibodies
hormones
heat
carbon dioxide
urea
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3
Q

COMPONENTS OF BLOOD

A

plasma
erythrocytes-RBC
leucocytes-WBC
platelets

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4
Q

PLASMA

A

dissolves or carries all other components of blood, nutrients, wastes

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5
Q

ERYTHROCYTES RBC

A

transport oxygen in haemoglobin M

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6
Q

LEUCOCYTES WBC

A

phagocytes- engulf pathogens and dead cells

lymphocytes- (B/ T cells) for the immune response

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7
Q

PLATELETS

A

clotting of blood following damage to cells or erythrocytes

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8
Q

ARTERIES

A

carry high pressure blood away from the heart to tissues that need it

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9
Q

CAPILLARIES

A

very small <10 um D
penetrate every tissue
blood moves slowly under low pressure providing opportunities for the exchange of substances

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10
Q

VEINS

A

carry the blood at low pressure back to the heart using valves to ensure blood flow in the correct direction

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11
Q

ARTERIOLES

A

smaller arteries

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12
Q

VENULES

A

smaller veins

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13
Q

STRUCTURE OF ARTERIES

OUTER LAYER

A

thick muscular wall and fibrous outer layer help the artery to withstand high pressure

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14
Q

STRUCTURE OF ARTERIES

LUMEN

A

relatively small lumen (to the wall) maintains high blood pressure

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15
Q

STRUCTURE OF ARTERIES

MUSCLE

A

muscle contracts to decrease the size of the lumen

this causes an increase in blood pressure and

maintains high blood pressure between the pulses of high pressure blood traveling from the heart

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16
Q

STRUCTURE OF ARTERIES

FIBRES

A

elastic fibres stretch to increase the lumen with each pulse of blood

after the pulse of blood passes the fibres recoil decreasing the lumen size

helping maintain a high blood pressure

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17
Q

STRUCTURE OF CAPILLARIES

WALL

A

permeable walls that allow gas exchange of materials between cells in tissue and blood in the capillary

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18
Q

STRUCTURE OF CAPILLARIES

THICKNESS

A

wall is one cell thick which allows easy diffusion of substances in and out of the capillary due to the short diffusion distance

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19
Q

STRUCTURE OF CAPILLARIES

S.A

A

due to the massive number of capillaries present and the small lumen the surface area available for the exchange of substances is very large

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20
Q

STRUCTURE OF CAPILLARIES

WALLS AND MEMBRANES

A

the wall and membrane contain pores to further aid the diffusion of substances

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21
Q

CAPILLARIES ADAPTATIONS

A 
permeable membrane
one cell thick wall
pores
surface area
low pressure
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22
Q

STRUCTURE OF CAPILLARIES

PRESSURE

A

blood travels slowly at low pressure allowing more opportunity for exchange

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23
Q

STRUCTURE OF VEINS

LUMEN/PRESSURE

A

the large lumen means that the blood is under low pressure

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24
Q

STRUCTURE OF VEINS

PRESSURE/WALLS

A

because there is less pressure to resist the walls of the veins are thinner and less elastic than arteries
they also contain less muscle than arteries

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25
Q

STRUCTURE OF VEINS

PRESSURE/ VALVES

A

because of the low pressure valves are required to prevent the backflow of blood and thus ensure that the blood moves towards the heart

26
Q

WILLIAM HARVEY

A

discovery of the circulation of the blood with the heart acting as the pump

27
Q

DOUBLE CIRCULATION

A

blood passes through the heart twice on one circuit of the body

28
Q

DEOXYGENATED BLOOD

A

low O2 high CO2
returns to the heart via the right atrium

its is pumped form the right ventricle to the lungs, where CO2 is offloaded and O2 picked up= oxygenated

29
Q

OXYGENATED BLOOD

A

high O2 low CO2
enters the left atrium

pumped from the left ventricle to the body, where O2 is used for respiration and CO2 is collected as a waste product

= deoxygenated

back to right atrium

30
Q

DEOXYGENATED TO OXYGENATED BLOOD

A

CYCLE

31
Q

HEART DIAGRAM

A

https://image.slidesharecdn.com/biok6-160120014846/95/bioknowledgy-presentation-on-62-the-blood-system-17-638.jpg?cb=1455344238

32
Q

BEATING OF THE HEART IS DUE TO

A

myogenic muscle contraction

33
Q

MYOGENIC

A

the myocyte ( the muscle cell) itself is the origin of the contraction and it not controlled externally

34
Q

WHICH REGION OF THE MYOCYTES CONTROLS THE RATE OF THE HEART BEAT?

A

sinotrial node (pacemaker)

35
Q

WHICH REGION OF THE MYOCYTES CONTROLS THE RATE OF THE HEART BEAT?

A

sinotrial node (pacemaker)

36
Q

SAN

A

impulse is sent from the sinotrial node, causing the atria to contract

the impulse is conducted to the

AV node where it passed through nerves to the muscle of the ventricles, causing them to contract

37
Q

MYOGENIC INITIATION OF THE CONTRACTION MEANS THAT

A

the heart does not stop beating

it is not a conscious process

38
Q

THE HEART RATE CAN BE INCREASED/ DECREASED BY

A

impulses bought to the heart through two nerves from the medulla of the brain

39
Q

THE HEART RATE IS CONTROLLED BY

A

the autonomic nervous system

the part of the nervous system that responds automatically to changes in body conditions

40
Q

WHEN EXERCISING

A

more CO2 is present in the blood

this is detected by chemoreceptors in the brain’s medulla oblangata,

resulting in a nerve signal being sent to the SA node to speed the heart rate

when CO2 level falls another nerve (vagus) reduces the heart rate

41
Q

ADRENALINE

A

causes a rapid increase in the heart rate in fight of flight responses, preparing the body of action

42
Q

DIASTOLE

A

atria and ventricles relaxed

blood flows into the heart from veins

AV valves opens

SL vavles closed heart sound 2

43
Q

ATRIAL SYSTOLE

A

atria contract

ventricles relaxed

blood pushed into atria

AV valves open

SL valves closed

44
Q

VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE

A

atria relaxed

ventricles contract

blood pushed into arteries

AV valves closed heart sound 1

SL valves closed

45
Q

VENTRICULAR PRESSURE INCREASES AS

A

ventricle contracts

this forces blood into the aorta, increasing aortic pressure

46
Q

VENTRICULAR VOLUME

A

increases as atrial contraction forces blood into the ventricle

decreases as ventricular contraction forces blood into the aorta

increases as blood returns to the heart following systole

47
Q

HEART SOUND 1

A

caused by the closing of the AV valves at ventricular contraction

48
Q

HEART SOUND 2

A

caused by closing of SL valves after systole (pressure in ventricle is lower than in aorta- backflow of blood closes valves)

49
Q

CARDIAC CYCLE

A

https://image.slidesharecdn.com/biok6-160120014846/95/bioknowledgy-presentation-on-62-the-blood-system-23-638.jpg?cb=1455344238

50
Q

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

A

degenerative disease
area of the artery wall become damaged

cholesterol builds up in damaged areas

this eventually forms a plaque and the artery wall loses elasticity

as build-ups of cholesterol and plaque form, the lumen narrows, restricting blood flow

if plaque ruptures, blood clotting is triggered

51
Q

BLOOD CLOTS

A

coronary thrombosis

52
Q

CORONARY HEART DISEASE

A

atherosclerosis can lead to blood clots, and if these clots occur in myocardial tissue
= coronary heart disease

53
Q

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION/ HEART ATTACK

A

occurs if a coronary artery becomes completed blocked

coronary muscle tissue dies as a result of lack of blood and oxygen

54
Q

RISK FACTORS IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE

A 
genetic
age
sex
smoking
diet
exercise
obesity
stress
55
Q

RISK FACTORS IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE

GENETIC

A

some people are predisposed for high cholesterol levels/ high blood pressures

56
Q

RISK FACTORS IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE

AGE

A

older people are at greater risk due to less elasticity in arteries: ruptures more easily

57
Q

RISK FACTORS IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE

SEX

A

males are at greater risk than females

58
Q

RISK FACTORS IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE

SMOKING

A

constricts blood vessels

increases blood pressure/ heart rate

decreases oxygenation of heart muscle

increased fibrinogen and platelets in blood lead to more clotting

59
Q

RISK FACTORS IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE

DIET

A

increases fat/ cholesterol/ LDL in blood

leads to plaque formation in arteries

60
Q

RISK FACTORS IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE

EXERCISE

A

lack of exercise increases due to weakened circulation

61
Q

RISK FACTORS IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE

OBESITY

A

increase blood pressure

leads to plaque formation in arteries

62
Q

RISK FACTORS IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE

STRESS

A

stress has been linked to increased cortisol hormones in the blood, causing increased atherosclerosis

Biology (40 decks)

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