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Biology > 6.4 GAS EXCHANGE > Flashcards

6.4 GAS EXCHANGE Flashcards

1
Q

ESSENTIAL IDEA

A

the lungs are actively ventilated to ensure that gas exchange can occur passively

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2
Q

VENTILATION

A

movement of air into and out of the lungs in two stages

inspiration and expiration

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3
Q

WHAT IS VENTILATION CONTROLLED BY?

A

the movement of the diaphragm and ribcage

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4
Q

GAS EXCHANGE

A

the exchange (diffusion) of oxygen and CO2 to and from the blood at the alveoli and the respiring tissue

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5
Q

CELL RESPIRATION

A

this is production of ATP at the cellular level (mitochondria)

aerobic respiration uses oxygen

anaerobic does not

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6
Q

LARGER ORGANISMS HAVE

A

adaptations that reflect their environmens

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7
Q

SMALLER ORGANISMS CAN

A

exchange gases directly with their surroundings through diffusion

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8
Q

LAND BASED ANIMALS HAVE EVOLVED AN

A

internal ventilation system which allows for gas exchange with the blood

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9
Q

WHY DO WE NEED AN INTERNAL VENTILATION SYSTEM?

A

to maintain a large concentration gradient with the alveoli and the blood

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10
Q

WHAT IS OUR CONCENTRATION GRADIENT?

A

high CO2 conc and low O2

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11
Q

BREATHING OUT

A

increases the conc gradient of CO2 between the blood and alveolus so CO2 will diffuse out

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12
Q

BREATHING IN

A

increases the conc gradient of O2 between the alveoli and blood
so it diffuses into the blood

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13
Q

VENTILATION

A

maintains concentration gradients of O2 and CO2 between air in alveoli and blood flowing in adjacent capillaries

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14
Q

FOR GAS EXCHANGE TO BE EFFIECIENT

A

high concentration gradient must be maintained in the alveoli

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15
Q

IF ALVEOLI WERE NOT VENTILATED

A

equilibrium would be reached and no gas exchange would occur

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16
Q

INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

A

control the movement of the ribcage

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17
Q

THE VENTILATION SYSTEM DIAGRAM

A

https://image.slidesharecdn.com/biok6-160301001719/95/bioknowledgy-presentation-on-64-gas-exchange-9-638.jpg?cb=1457352468

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18
Q

INSPIRATION

PRESSURE CHANGE

A

decrease

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19
Q

INSPIRATION

VOLUME CHANGE

20
Q

INSPIRATION

RIBCAGE MOVEMENT

A

up and outward

21
Q

INSPIRATION

EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

22
Q

INSPIRATION

INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

23
Q

INSPIRATION

DIAPHRAGM

A

contract
flattens
moves downwards

24
Q

INSPIRATION

ABDOMINAL MUSCLES

25
Q

EXPIRATION

PRESSURE CHANGE

26
Q

EXPIRATION

VOLUME CHANGE

27
Q

EXPIRATION

RIBCAGE MOVEMENT

A

down and inward

28
Q

EXPIRATION

EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

29
Q

EXPIRATION

INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

30
Q

EXPIRATION

DIAPHRAGM

31
Q

EXPIRATION

ABDOMINAL MUSCLES

32
Q

MECHANICS OF VENTILATION OVERVIEW

A

https://image.slidesharecdn.com/biok6-160301001719/95/bioknowledgy-presentation-on-64-gas-exchange-10-638.jpg?cb=1457352468

33
Q

ANTAGONISTICALLY

A

internal and external intercostal muscles

diaphragm and abdominal muscles

34
Q

USE OF ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLES

A

relaxation is a passive process

relaxing of a muscle group is aded by the contraction of the other

35
Q

ADAPTATIONS OF ALVEOLI

A

increase surface area for gas exchange

network of capillaries

high concentration gradient

membranes are very thin

surfaces are wet

36
Q

TYPE I PNEUMOCYTES

A

single layer of cells from the walls of an alveolus

extremely thin- short diffusion distance

permeable- aids diffusion

37
Q

TYPE II PNEUMOCYTES

A

secrete fluid to moisten the inner surface of the alveolus

fluid aids diffusion of gases

fluid contains surfactant to prevent the wall sticking together- maintains the lumen

can divide to form type I pneumocytes- repair damage

38
Q

EMPHYSEMA CAUSES

A

smoking

chest infections

air pollution

= inflammatory response in the lungs

39
Q

EMPHYSEMA PROCES

A

protease is released by leukocytes and inflamed lung tissue

protease breaks down connective tissue of the lungs

destruction of small airways and alveoli

formation of large air pockets and breakdown of capillaries

40
Q

EMPHYSEMA CONSEQUENCES

A

large air pockets have much lower S.A: VOL than alveoli

when combined with the reduced blood supply

= inefficient gas exchange

low blood O2 levels

41
Q

LUNG CANCER

A

cancer that starts in the trachea , bronchus or the lung tissue

42
Q

LUNG CANCER CAUSES

A

> smoking
< second hand smoke
< air pollution
< exposure to radon gas

43
Q

LUNG CANCER SYMPTONS

A

being short of breath

having a constant cough

coughing up phlegm

ache or pain in chest

loss of appetite

tiredness/ fatigue

losing weight

44
Q

LUNG CANCER CONSEQUENCE

A

if untreated = death

45
Q

MONITORING VENTILATION

A

independent variable: intensity of exercise

dependent variable: measure of ventilation (frequency of breath/T)

controlled variables

data analysis: calculating rate of…

ethical and safety concerns

Biology (40 decks)

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