6.4 GAS EXCHANGE

Question 1

ESSENTIAL IDEA

Answer 1

the lungs are actively ventilated to ensure that gas exchange can occur passively

Question 2

VENTILATION

Answer 2

movement of air into and out of the lungs in two stages

inspiration and expiration

Question 3

WHAT IS VENTILATION CONTROLLED BY?

Answer 3

the movement of the diaphragm and ribcage

Question 4

GAS EXCHANGE

Answer 4

the exchange (diffusion) of oxygen and CO2 to and from the blood at the alveoli and the respiring tissue

Question 5

CELL RESPIRATION

Answer 5

this is production of ATP at the cellular level (mitochondria)

aerobic respiration uses oxygen

anaerobic does not

Question 6

LARGER ORGANISMS HAVE

Answer 6

adaptations that reflect their environmens

Question 7

SMALLER ORGANISMS CAN

Answer 7

exchange gases directly with their surroundings through diffusion

Question 8

LAND BASED ANIMALS HAVE EVOLVED AN

Answer 8

internal ventilation system which allows for gas exchange with the blood

Question 9

WHY DO WE NEED AN INTERNAL VENTILATION SYSTEM?

Answer 9

to maintain a large concentration gradient with the alveoli and the blood

Question 10

WHAT IS OUR CONCENTRATION GRADIENT?

Answer 10

high CO2 conc and low O2

Question 11

BREATHING OUT

Answer 11

increases the conc gradient of CO2 between the blood and alveolus so CO2 will diffuse out

Question 12

BREATHING IN

Answer 12

increases the conc gradient of O2 between the alveoli and blood
so it diffuses into the blood

Question 13

VENTILATION

Answer 13

maintains concentration gradients of O2 and CO2 between air in alveoli and blood flowing in adjacent capillaries

Question 14

FOR GAS EXCHANGE TO BE EFFIECIENT

Answer 14

high concentration gradient must be maintained in the alveoli

Question 15

IF ALVEOLI WERE NOT VENTILATED

Answer 15

equilibrium would be reached and no gas exchange would occur

Question 16

INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

Answer 16

control the movement of the ribcage

Question 17

THE VENTILATION SYSTEM DIAGRAM

Answer 17

https://image.slidesharecdn.com/biok6-160301001719/95/bioknowledgy-presentation-on-64-gas-exchange-9-638.jpg?cb=1457352468

Question 18

INSPIRATION

PRESSURE CHANGE

Answer 18

decrease

Question 19

INSPIRATION

VOLUME CHANGE

Answer 19

increase

Question 20

INSPIRATION

RIBCAGE MOVEMENT

Answer 20

up and outward

Question 21

INSPIRATION

EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

Answer 21

contract

Question 22

INSPIRATION

INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

Answer 22

relax

Question 23

INSPIRATION

DIAPHRAGM

Answer 23

contract
flattens
moves downwards

Question 24

INSPIRATION

ABDOMINAL MUSCLES

Answer 24

relax

Question 25

EXPIRATION | PRESSURE CHANGE

Answer 25

increase

Question 26

EXPIRATION | VOLUME CHANGE

Answer 26

decreaes

Question 27

EXPIRATION | RIBCAGE MOVEMENT

Answer 27

down and inward

Question 28

EXPIRATION | EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

Answer 28

relax

Question 29

EXPIRATION | INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

Answer 29

contract

Question 30

EXPIRATION | DIAPHRAGM

Answer 30

relax

Question 31

EXPIRATION | ABDOMINAL MUSCLES

Answer 31

contract

Question 32

MECHANICS OF VENTILATION OVERVIEW

Answer 32

https://image.slidesharecdn.com/biok6-160301001719/95/bioknowledgy-presentation-on-64-gas-exchange-10-638.jpg?cb=1457352468

Question 33

ANTAGONISTICALLY

Answer 33

internal and external intercostal muscles diaphragm and abdominal muscles

Question 34

USE OF ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLES

Answer 34

relaxation is a passive process relaxing of a muscle group is aded by the contraction of the other

Question 35

ADAPTATIONS OF ALVEOLI

Answer 35

increase surface area for gas exchange network of capillaries high concentration gradient membranes are very thin surfaces are wet

Question 36

TYPE I PNEUMOCYTES

Answer 36

single layer of cells from the walls of an alveolus extremely thin- short diffusion distance permeable- aids diffusion

Question 37

TYPE II PNEUMOCYTES

Answer 37

secrete fluid to moisten the inner surface of the alveolus fluid aids diffusion of gases fluid contains surfactant to prevent the wall sticking together- maintains the lumen can divide to form type I pneumocytes- repair damage

Question 38

EMPHYSEMA CAUSES

Answer 38

smoking chest infections air pollution = inflammatory response in the lungs

Question 39

EMPHYSEMA PROCES

Answer 39

protease is released by leukocytes and inflamed lung tissue protease breaks down connective tissue of the lungs destruction of small airways and alveoli formation of large air pockets and breakdown of capillaries

Question 40

EMPHYSEMA CONSEQUENCES

Answer 40

large air pockets have much lower S.A: VOL than alveoli when combined with the reduced blood supply = inefficient gas exchange low blood O2 levels

Question 41

LUNG CANCER

Answer 41

cancer that starts in the trachea , bronchus or the lung tissue

Question 42

LUNG CANCER CAUSES

Answer 42

> smoking < second hand smoke < air pollution < exposure to radon gas

Question 43

LUNG CANCER SYMPTONS

Answer 43

being short of breath having a constant cough coughing up phlegm ache or pain in chest loss of appetite tiredness/ fatigue losing weight

Question 44

LUNG CANCER CONSEQUENCE

Answer 44

if untreated = death

Question 45

MONITORING VENTILATION

Answer 45

independent variable: intensity of exercise dependent variable: measure of ventilation (frequency of breath/T) controlled variables data analysis: calculating rate of... ethical and safety concerns