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Biology > 6.6 HORMONES, HOMEOSTASIS AND REPRODUCTION > Flashcards

6.6 HORMONES, HOMEOSTASIS AND REPRODUCTION Flashcards

1
Q

ESSENTIAL IDEA

A

hormones are used when signals need to be widely distributed

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2
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

A

a stimulus is received and processed

hormones are secreted directly into the blood

the action of hormone change the condition of the tissue

this change is monitored though feedback

most hormonal change = negative feedback

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3
Q

KEY ENDOCRINE GLANDS 8

A

pineal gland

pituitary gland

thyroid gland

thymus

adrenal gland

pancreas

ovary

testes

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4
Q

BLOOD GLUCOSE IS MONITORED BY

A

pancreatic cells

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5
Q

FASTING

A

reduces blood sugar

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6
Q

BLOOD SUGAR INCREASES

A

by absorption of glucose from digestion in the intestine

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7
Q

EXAMPLE OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

A

glucoregulation

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8
Q

GLUCOREGULATION USES

A

negative feedback

hormones insulin/glucagon

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9
Q

IF BLOOD GLUCOSE IS TOO TOO HIGH

A

B cells of pancreas produce insulin

insulin stimulates uptake of glucose to cells

insulin stimulates liver/ fat cells to store glucose as glycogen

lead to decrease in blood glucose

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10
Q

IF BLOOD GLUCOSE IS TOO LOW

A

alpha cells of pancreas produce glucagon

glucagon stimulates liver to break down glycogen into glucose

leads to increase blood sugar

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11
Q

TYPE 1 DIABETES

A

early onset

hereditary, weak relationship

trigger needed: illness

beta cells destroyed

insulin production stops

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12
Q

TYPE II DIABETES

A

adult onset

hereditary, strong relationship

related to obesity and poor diet

fewer insulin receptors in liver

less sensitivity to insulin

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13
Q

DIABETES

A

reduced ability to control blood glucose through insulin

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14
Q

THYROXIN SOURCE

A

thyroid gland

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15
Q

THYROXIN TARGETS

A

most body cells

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16
Q

THYROXIN EFFECTS

A

increases metabolic rate/ rate of protein synthesis

increases heat production/ increased respiration

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17
Q

LEPTIN TREATMENT FOR OBESITY

EXPERIMENT ON MICE

A

obese mice possess two recessive alleles and consequently do not produce any leptin

obese mice treated with leptin saw large weight loss

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18
Q

LEPTIN TREATMENT FOR OBESITY

HUMAN FAILURE

A

most people have naturally high levels of leptin

if linked to leptin obesity in people is due to resistance of the appetite control to leptin

very few patients in the clinical trial experienced weight loss

many patients experienced side-effects such as skin irritations

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19
Q

SRY GENE

A

gene on the Y chromosome causes embryonic gonads to develop into testes and secrete testosterone

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20
Q

TESTOSTERONE

A

secreted by testes

causes genitalia to develop

21
Q

TESTES

A

develop from the embryonic gonads when the embryo is becoming a fetus

22
Q

TESTOSTERONE AT PUBERTY

A

primary sexual characteristics of sperm production in the testes

development of secondary sexual characteristics

enlargement of penis

growth of pubic hair

deepening of the voice

23
Q

ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE

A

cause pre-natal development of female reproductive organs and female sexual secondary characteristics during puberty

24
Q

ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE SOURCE

A

at first by mother’s ovaries and then her placenta

25
Q

ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE

PUBERTY

A

primary sexual characteristic of egg release

dev of female secondary sexual characteristics

enlargement of breast

growth of pubic hair

26
Q

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DIAGRAM

A

https://image.slidesharecdn.com/biok6-160317032544/95/bioknowledgy-presentation-on-66-hormones-homeostasis-and-reproduction-19-638.jpg?cb=1458201378

27
Q

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DIAGRAM

A

https://image.slidesharecdn.com/biok6-160317032544/95/bioknowledgy-presentation-on-66-hormones-homeostasis-and-reproduction-21-638.jpg?cb=1458201378

28
Q

MENSTRUAL CYCLE

A

controlled by endocrine system

29
Q

FSH

A

pituitary

stimulates oocyte dev

30
Q

LH

A

pituitary
matures oocytes and causes release
ovulation

31
Q

ESTROGEN

A

ovaries
dev of endomentrium

early: +ve feedback on FSH
late: -ve feedback on FSH and LH

32
Q

PROGESTERONE

A

ovaries

maintains endometrium

-ve feedback on FSH and LH

33
Q

OCOCYTE

A

cell in ovary

34
Q

HCG

A

pregnancy hormone

keeps estrogen and progesterone high

35
Q

OXYTOCIN

A

birth hormone:

contractions of uterus

36
Q

MENSTRUAL CYCLE DAY 1-4

A

follicular phase

menstruation

endometrium sheds

FSH increases

stimulating follicle dev

37
Q

MENSTRUAL CYCLE DAY 5-14

A

ovulatory phase

FSH and follicle stimulate oestrogen release

oestrogen stimulates endometrium dev

oestrogen stimulate LH

peak in LH causes ovulation (day 14)

38
Q

MENSTRUAL CYCLE DAY 14-28

A

luteal phases

fall in LH

corpus luteum forms from now empty follicle

corpus luteum releases progesterone

progesterone maintains the endometrium and inhibits FSH and LH

39
Q

IF NO FERTILISATION AND IMPLANTATION OCCURS

A

progesterone and oestrogen drop

triggering menstruation and FSH release

40
Q

MENSTRUAL CYCLE IS CONTROLLED BY

A

negative feedback

endocrine system

with ovarian and pituitary hormones

41
Q

MENSTRUAL CYCLE DIAGRAM

A

https://image.slidesharecdn.com/biok6-160317032544/95/bioknowledgy-presentation-on-66-hormones-homeostasis-and-reproduction-26-638.jpg?cb=1458201378

42
Q

EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF HORMONES IN THE REGULATION OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

A

FSH and LH are produced by the pituitary gland

estrogen and progesterone are produced by the ovary

FSH stimulates the ovary to promote dev of a follicle

the dev follicles secrete estrogen, which inhibits FSH (-ve feedback)

estrogen stimulates growth of endometrium

estrogen stimulates LH secretion (+ve feedback)

LH stimulates follicle to grow and triggers ovulation

follicle becomes corpus luteum

the corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone

estrogen and progesterone maintain the endometrium

estrogen and progesterone inhibit LH and FSH (-ve)

after two weeks the corpus luteum degenerates

progesterone and estrogen levels fall

triggers menstrual bleeding

pituitary gland secretes FSH and LH, as they are no longer inhibited

menstrual cycle continues

43
Q

MELATONIN

A

controls circadian rhythm

44
Q

LEPTIN

A

inhibits appetite

45
Q

IN VITRO FERTILISATION

DOWN REGULATION

A

first step
shutting down menstrual cycle

stopping secretion of pituitary/ ovarian hormones

done with a drug

46
Q

IN VITRO FERTILISATION

SUPER OVULATION

A

2nd step

collects multiple eggs from the woman

high dose of FSH are injected

to stimulated dev of multiple follicles

injection of HCG when follicles reach a certain size

maturation process starts

47
Q

IN VITRO FERTILISATION

STEP 3

A

prepared eggs are combined with sperm in sterile conditions

successful fertilized eggs are then incubated before implantation

48
Q

IN VITRO FERTILISATION

STEP 4

A

two weeks before implantation woman takes progesterone to aid implantation

this is continued until pregnancy test

and if positive

until 12 of gestation

49
Q

WILLIAM HARVEY

A

investigation in sexual reproduction in deers

menstrual blood did not contribute to the formation of a fetus

Biology (40 decks)

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