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Biology > 3.4 INHERITANCE > Flashcards

3.4 INHERITANCE Flashcards

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1
Q

GENOTYPE

A

the combination of alleles of a gene carried by an organism

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2
Q

PHENOTYPE

A

the expression of alleles of a gene carried by an organism

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3
Q

HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT

A

two copies of the same dominant gene (capital letter AA)

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4
Q

HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE

A

two copies of the same recessive gene (lowercase aa)

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5
Q

HETEROZYGOUS

A

two different alleles (one dominant, one recessive) (Aa)

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6
Q

CODOMINANT

A

pairs of alleles which are both expressed when present

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7
Q

CARRIER

A

an individual that has one copy of a recessive allele that causes a genetic disease in individuals that are homozygous for this allele.

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8
Q

TEST CROSS

A

Testing a suspected heterozygote by crossing it with a known homozygous recessive.

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9
Q

MENDEL’S PEA PLANTS

A

Mendel performed experiments on a variety of different pea plants, crossing these varieties by using the male pollen from one variety and transferring it to the female part of another variety

He collected the seeds and grew them to determine their characteristics

He then crossed these offspring with each other and also grew their seeds to determine their characteristics

He continued performing many crosses and recorded his results.

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10
Q

MENDEL

A

father of genetics

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11
Q

GAMETES

A

sex cells such as sperm and eggs

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12
Q

GAMETES AND CHROMOSOMES

A

have only one chromosome of each type, gametes also only contain one allele of each gene

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13
Q

TWO GAMETES FORM

A

a zygote

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14
Q

WHEN GAMETES FUSE

A

to form a zygote (2n),

two copies of each gene exist in the diploid zygote

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15
Q

ZYGOTE MAY CONTAIN

A

Two of the same allele AA or aa or two different alleles such as Aa

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16
Q

MONOHYBRID CROSSING

A

Cross using a Punnett square

F1 generation genotype ratio is 1:2:1 and phenotype ratio is 3:1

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17
Q

ABO BLOOD GROUP

A

Human blood types are an example of both multiple alleles (A, B, O) and co-dominance (A and B are co-dominant).

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18
Q

ABO AND ANTIGEN

A

A, B and O alleles all produce a basic antigen (glycoprotein) on the surface of the red blood cells

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19
Q

A BLOOD GROUP AND ANTIGENS

A

They contain anti-B antibodies and antigen A, which are able to kill B and AB type blood.

A blood group people can accept A and O type blood but not the AB and B type.

20
Q

B BLOOD GROUP AND ANTIGEN

A

possess anti-A antibodies and antigen B, which are able to kill A and AB type blood.

B blood group people can accept B and O type blood but not the AB and A type.

21
Q

AB BLOOD GROUP AND ANTIGEN

A

possess NO antibodies and antigen A&B.

AB blood group people can accept ALL type of blood.

22
Q

O BLOOD GROUP ANTIGEN

A

possess anti-A & anti-B antibodies and NO antigens, which are able to kill A, B and AB type blood.

O blood
group people can accept O type blood but not the A, AB and B type

23
Q

UNIVERSAL RECEIVER

A

AB blood group

24
Q

UNIVERSAL DONOR

A

O group

25
Q

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

A

autosomal recessive disease caused by an allele of the CFTR gene on chromosome 7

26
Q

CYSTIC FIBROSIS MUTATION

A

Mutation in the CFTR gene causes secretion of mucus to become very thick. Thick mucus blocks the airway tubes especially in lungs

27
Q

CYSTIC FIBROSIS CONSEQUENCES

A

Cystic fibrosis patient dies young, around the age of 35-50

28
Q

HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE LOCATION

A

Humans have two copies of the Huntingtin gene (HTT) on chromosome 4, which codes for the protein Huntingtin (Htt)

29
Q

HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE

A

is dominantly inherited.

neurodegenerative genetic disorder

30
Q

HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE CONSEQUENCES

A

affects muscle coordination and leads to mental decline and behavioral
symptoms

brain disorder, affecting the ability to think, talk and move.

31
Q

SEX LINKAGE

A

These are patterns of inheritance where the ratios are different in males and females because the gene is located on the sex chromosomes

32
Q

SEX LINKED DISEASES

A

X chromosomes

33
Q

SEX LINKED TRAITS

A

carried on the X chromosomes non-homologous region.

34
Q

NORMAL GENES

A

expressed in X domninant

35
Q

ABNORMAL GENES

A

expressed in X recessive

36
Q

X LINKED RECESSIVE DISEASES ARE MORE COMMON IN

A

males because males only carry one X

chromosome, therefore if they inherit the X chromosome with the disease, they will have the disease

37
Q

EXAMPLES OF SEX LINKED RECESSIVE DISEASES

A

colour blindness and hemophilia

38
Q

MALES AND X LINKED RECESSIVE DISEASE CAN ONLY

A

pass the colorblind or hemophilia allele onto their daughters. Their sons will receive the Y
chromosome.

39
Q

RED- GREEN COLOUR BLINDNESS

A

Red-green blindness genes are recessive on the non-homologous region of X

So it is a sex-linked disease.

Patient’s retinal pigment will lose certain frequency so the cannot distinguish between red and green

40
Q

HEMOPHILIA

A

Globular protein called clotting factor is needed to clot the blood.

A mutation will cause clotting factor not to work.

Clotting response to injury does not work: patient may bleed to death.

41
Q

RADIATION EFFECTS

A

A mutation is a random change to the base sequence of a gene

Both radiation and certain chemicals can cause genetic diseases and cancer

Radiation can cause mutations if it has enough energy to chemical change one’s DNA. Gamma rays and alpha particles from radioactive
decay, UV radiation and x-rays are all considered to be mutagenic

Nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and accident at Chernobyl leads to high cancer rate

42
Q

MUTAGENS

A

are agents that cause gene mutation such as chemicals, high energy radiation, ultraviolet light and some virus

43
Q

ONCOGENES

A

genes that control the cell cycle and cell division

44
Q

IF MUTATION OCCURS ON ONCOGENES

A

it may lead to cancer

45
Q

MUTATION IN ONCOGENE

A

will lead to malfunction in control of the cell cycle, leading to uncontrolled cell division and cancer

46
Q

MUTATIONS AND GAMETES

A

Mutation occurs in somatic cells will remain in the organism, but if it occurs in gametes, it will be passed on for generations

Biology (40 decks)

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