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Biology > 2.2 WATER > Flashcards

2.2 WATER Flashcards

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1
Q

Hydrogen bonding

A

Water Ms are polar+ H bonds form between them

  • Water M attraction= ‘H bond’
  • Intermolecular force/not bond

• Force: H atom in 1 polar M is attracted to a slightly –ve atom of another polar covalent M

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2
Q

cohesive

A
  • Binding together 2 M of same type
  • Water M cohere: stick to each other
  • →Due to H bond
  • Useful for water transport in plants
  • Water suck through xylem at low P
  • →Only if water M don’t separate
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3
Q

adhesive

A
  • H bonds form between water and other polar M= water sticks to them
  • Useful in leaves: water adheres to cellulose M in cell walls
  • If water evaporates from cell walls and is lost from the leaf via the network of air spaces, adhesive forces cause water to be drawn out of the nearest xylem
  • Keeps walls moist: so that they can absorb CO2 needed for photosynthesis
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4
Q

PROPERTIES OF WATER

A

Hydrogen bonding + dipolarity explain water’s cohesive, adhesive, thermal and solvent properties

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5
Q

solvent

A
  • Polar nature of water M forms shells around charged/polar M prevents clumping/keep in solution
  • Water forms H bonds with polar M
  • Partial –ve O2 pole→+ve ions
  • Partial +ve H pole→-ve ions: both dissolve
  • Cytoplasm is a complex mixture of dissolved subs
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6
Q

WATER THERMAL

high specific heat capacity

A 
High specific heat capacity
•	H bonds restrict motion of water M + increases in the T of water require H bonds to be broken
•	Q of E needed to raise water T: >
•	To cool down: water loses > E
•	Water T is stable: good habitat
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7
Q

HYDROPHILIC/ HYDROPHOBIC

A

Subs can be hydrophilic/phobic

  • Philic: attracted to water
  • All subs that dissolve in H2O
  • Polar M + particles: +/-ve
  • Subs that water adhere to
  • Phobic: insoluble in water yet dissolve in other solvent
  • M with no -/+ ve charge
  • Non polar M
  • All lipids: fats + oils
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8
Q

COOLING THE BODY WITH SWEAT

A
  • Heat needed for evaporation of water in sweat is taken from tissue of skin: reducing their T
  • Effective method as body has high latent heat of v.
  • Hypothalamus (brain) controls sweat secretion
  • Receptors monitor blood T/ sensory inputs
  • Transpiration is evaporation loss of water from plant leaves: cooling effect for hot environments
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9
Q

TRANSPORT IN BLOOD PLASMA overview

A

Methods of transport of subs in blood relative to their H20 solubility

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10
Q

TRANSPORT IN BLOOD PLASMA

AMINO ACID

A

Amino Acid: both -/+ve charges→
soluble in water but solubility depends on the R group: some hydrophilic/phobic.
All A.A are soluble enough to be carried in blood plasma

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11
Q

TRANSPORT IN BLOOD PLASMA

GLUCOSE

A

Glucose: freely soluble polar M carried dissolved in blood p.

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12
Q

TRANSPORT IN BLOOD PLASMA

OXYGEN

A

O2: non-polar M w/ < size dissolves only sparingly in water
water becomes saturated with O2 at low conc.

Q (O2) that blood p carries is < to provide aerobic R→

sol: haemoglobin in RBC has binding sites for O2
+ > blood capacity of O2 transport

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13
Q

TRANSPORT IN BLOOD PLASMA

FAT

A

Fat M: entirely non-polar, >02, insoluble in water. They are carried in blood inside lipoprotein complexes.

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14
Q

TRANSPORT IN BLOOD PLASMA

CHOLESTEROL

A

Cholesterol: Hphobic M, apart form small philic region at 1 end. Not enough to dissolve so carried in lipoprotein complexes.

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15
Q

comparing methane and water

A

Property Methane Water
Formula CH4 H20
Molecular Mass 16 18
Density g/cm3 0.46 1
Specific heat capacity J/g/*C 2.2 4.2
Latent vaporization heat J/g 760 2,257
Melting point *C -182 0
Boiling Point -160 100

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16
Q

comparing methane and water overview

A

Both < M with atoms linked by single covalent bonds
Water M are polar: form H bonds
CH4: non-polar: no H bonds

17
Q

water covalent bonds

A
  • Water M: covalent bond- O & 2H+
  • Unequal sharing of e- →polar covalent bond
  • Nucleus of O > attractive to E
  • Partial +ve change H+/-ve O
  • Bent not linear
  • +ve ions & -ve ions= ionic bonds
18
Q

WATER THERMAL

A

high specific heat capacity

high latent heat of vaporization

high boiling point

19
Q

WATER THERMAL

high latent heat of vaporization

A
  • When a M evap is separates from other M in a liquid → vapour M
  • Heat needed= L.H.O.V
  • Evaporation has cooling effect
  • > E/heat: break bonds: good coolant
20
Q

WATER THERMAL

high boiling point

A
  • Liquid over a broad range of T 0-100

* > E /heat: break bonds→ habitats

21
Q

TRANSPORT IN BLOOD PLASMA

NaCl

A

NaCl: freely soluble ionic compound, dissolving to form Na+ ions + Cl- ions→ carried in blood plasma

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