CTBS: Evidence Flashcards
What is the definition of evidence in critical thinking?
Evidence is any statement responding to the question, “Why is this true?” It provides reasoning or support for a claim.
What is the relationship between a claim and evidence?
Claim + Evidence = Argument.
Why is evidence important for contestable claims?
The more contestable the claim, the more important it is to provide evidence to substantiate it.
What are some cue words that indicate evidence in a text?
Because, as a result, in the first place, for example, in addition.
What is SPAARC, and how does it help evaluate evidence?
SPAARC evaluates evidence through:
Sufficiency
Precision
Accuracy
Authority
Representativeness
Clarity of expression
What does sufficiency in evidence mean?
There must be enough evidence to support a claim persuasively.
Insufficient evidence leads to the fallacy of hasty generalization.
How does precision improve evidence?
Precision uses specific data or quotes to avoid ambiguity, making arguments more credible. E.g., “The attendance is 90%” is more precise than “The attendance is good.”
What is a fallacy related to precision?
Over-precision, such as unnecessarily exact details that do not add value (e.g., “17 hours, 9 minutes, and 34.6 seconds”).
How can accuracy in evidence be assessed?
By conducting independent research or evaluating proxies like trivial errors, grammar mistakes, or inaccurate quotes.
What is the role of authority in evaluating evidence?
Evidence is more reliable when it comes from credible authorities with appropriate training, credentials, or experience.
What is the fallacy of false appeal to authority?
Accepting the testimony of someone with no expertise in the relevant area.
What does representativeness mean in evaluating evidence?
Evidence should come from a sample that fairly represents the variety in the population relevant to the claim.
What is the role of clarity in presenting evidence?
Clear evidence should be explicit about its significance, with data or quotes interpreted for the audience.
Subheadings, charts, and understandable terms help clarify.
What is evidence-based management?
Managerial decision-making supported by:
Expert practitioners.
Scientific research literature.
Organizational data.
Input from internal and external stakeholders.
What are common fallacies related to evidence?
Hasty Generalization: Insufficient evidence leads to incorrect conclusions.
Bandwagon Effect: Assuming a belief is correct because many people accept it.
