Comp Med No. 4 2011 Flashcards
What species is most commonly used as models for stroke?
A NHP
B rat
C mouse
D rabbit
C mouse
True/False: Occlusion of the anterior cerebral artery is the most commonly used surgical approach to produce EVA
False: middle cerebral artery
True/False: Stroke can be induced in rabbits by immunization
True: immunization with a HL60 promyelotic cell differentiation factor
Name 3 methods of inducing stroke in animal models.
- embolism introduction (mouse, rat, rabbit)
- middle cerebral artery occlusion (rat)
- perforating artery occlusion (rat)
- endothelin 1 injection (rat)
- spontaneous stroke (rat, dog)
- bilateral carotid occlusion (mouse)
- 2 injection of sodium laurate into internal carotid artery (rat)
- genetic model of CADASIL syndrome (mice)
- immunization with a HL60 promyelotic cell differentiation factor (rabbits)
What is the definition of Environmental Enrichment?
Environmental Enrichment has been defined as the use of housing conditions that offer enhanced sensory, motor, and cognitive stimulation of brain neuronal systems in comparison with standard caging.
List some common features of EE paradigms.
- Social housing
- larger enclosures
- increased environmental complexities (e.g. toys, structures for climbing, foraging opportunities etc.)
Define Stereotypy.
Stereotypy is repetitive, unvarying, purposeless behavior that can occur in people and animals.
T/F: The same form of EE can reduce aggressive behavior in some strains of mice, while increasing aggression and physiologic indices of stress in other strains.
True
With respect to the effect of environmental enrichment on research, list factors that should be considered when implementing an EE program.
- undefined effect on animals
- potential for increased variability in the data
- poor definition across laboratories and in publications
- potential for harm to the animal or the study
- relative costs and benefits associated with adequate, optimal, and preferred housing
Name two types of stain that can be used to identify P. neurophilia infection of zebrafish
- Luna stain and Fungi-flor.
- Luna stains microsporidian spores red in histological section.
- Fungi Flore fluoresces in the presence of the chitinous wall spore.
When testing for infection of zebrafish with P. neurophila, what are the most important tissues to examine?
Spinal cord and brain tissues
What substance is recommended to clean tanks known to be infected with P. neurophilia spores?
A bleach bath of at least 100 ppm chlorine, pH7 for 10 minutes will kill 99% of spores.
What is the scientific name of the zebrafish?
Danio rerio
Pseudoloma neurophilia, a microsporidian parasite, is increasingly prevalent in zebrafish research facilities. How is this agent transmitted?
Transmission of this obligate intracellular parasite may come through ingestion of the mature infective spore or during spawning.
What are some clinical signs of P. neurophilia infection of zebrafish?
Affected fish may have clinical signs including emaciation and spinal curvature, but normal fish can have heavy infections.
Mdr1a-/- mice are used as a model of what condition?
Ldlr -/- mice are used as models of what disease?
Atherosclerosis
What are the basic features of an atherogenic diet?
High fat & high cholesterol
What manipulation must be performed to induce atherosclerosis in Ldlr -/- mice?
They must be fed an atherogenic diet. Athersclerosis does not develop spontaneously on normal diet.
Briefly describe the TUNEL assay and what it is used to measure/detect.
TUNEL assays (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling) are used to detect DNA fragmentation with labeling of terminal ends of nucleic acids via the TdT repair enzyme. It can be used to identify cells in the last stage of apoptosis.
True or False: Magnetic field therapy may be preferable to chemotherapy or radiation therapy in treatment of cancer due to sparing of healthy tissue
True
For what disease does the STR/ort mouse strain serve as an animal model?
Spontaneous osteoarthritis - mice exhibit human-like cartilage lesions at approximately 12 to 20 wk. The etiology of the OA is not clear in this strain. The mice have demonstrated increased levels of matrix metalloproteases, inflammatory cytokines IL1α, IL1β, and IL6; and oxidative stress in areas of osteoarthritis lesions, similar to findings in human osteoarthritis
What are the biomarkers RAGE, AGE, S100A4, and HMGB1 used to evaluate?
Low-grade inflammatory and oxidative stress
Name two chemicals and their mechanism of action that are used to induce diabetes in animals.
- Alloxan - a glucose analogue
- Streptozotocin (STZ) - a glucosamine nitrosurea alkylating agent
- Both chemicals are preferentially toxic toward pancreatic β cells
