Cold war

Question 1

Truman doctrine key points (2)

Answer 1

1947
The USA will provide financial aid and troops if necessary to help free governments to combat communist takeover

Question 2

Marshall plan key points (3)

Answer 2

1947
$13 billion from USA to help rebuild Europe
Aimed to stop communism as it gave people enough money instead of turning to communism in which everyone is equal

Question 3

Cominform key points (3)

Answer 3

Set up by Stalin in 1947
got rid of any opposition to the USSR’s control in satellite states
encouraged communist parties in Western Europe to block Marshall plan assistance

Question 4

Comecon key points (4)

Answer 4

Set up by Stalin in 1949
Soviet Unions alternative to the Marshall plan
built up trade links between Comecon countries
prevented Comecon Countries from signing up to the Marshall plan
provided economic assistance

Question 5

NATO key points (4)

Answer 5

set up in 1949
millitary alliance between USA, UK, Canada, Holland, France, Denmark and Norway.
West Germany joined in 1955
meant that if one country was attacked, the other countries had to assist it

Question 6

Berlin blockade key points (3)

Answer 6

Berlin was deep in Soviet- controlled Germany and divided into US, British, French and USSR zones
June 1948, USSR closed all road, rail and canal links to West Berlin to force British, French and US troops to leave their zone in Berlin
USSR blocked all supplies into Berlin to show it had the power to stop a divided Germany working

Question 7

Berlin airlift (2)

Answer 7

West Berlin could not get any supplies due to its blockade, however USA could not pull out of Berlin as it would be seen as “weak”.
USA created an airlift from 26 June 1948- 30 September 1949 in which thousands of tonnes of food and supplies were flown in daily to Berlin

Question 8

nuclear arms race timeline (4)

Answer 8

1945- USA drops bombs on Hiroshima and Nagaskai
1949- USSR tests their first atomic bomb
1952- USA develops hydrogen bomb
1953- Soviet Union develops hydrogen bomb

Question 9

Warsaw Pact key points (3)
8 COUNTRIES INVOLVED

Answer 9

1955
a collective defense treaty involving USSR, Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Albania and Bulgaria
a response to NATO

Question 10

significance of warsaw pact (3)

Answer 10

meant that USA and USSR were now two opposing alliances in Europe separated by the iron curtain
both alliances planned to use military action against the other, including the use of nuclear weapons
Warsaw pact gave the USSR direct control over the armed forces of its satellite states , thus strengthening its grip on Eastern Europe

Question 11

significance of NATO (1)

Answer 11

showed that after the Berlin Blockade and USSR’s own development of the atomic bomb, neither the USA nor Western European governments were prepared to accept future Soviet agression

Question 12

Impact of Soviet rule in Hungary (4)

Answer 12

Hungary suffered a lot under Stalin’s control
Food and industrial products shipped off to Russia
Any opposition in Hungary ruthlessly wiped out
Communist rule became very unpopular

Question 13

destallinisation key points (4)

Answer 13

When Stalin died, Khrushchev took over
Khrushchev hinted that Soviet control would now relax
October 1956- poor harvest and bread shortages meant that Hungarians started demonstrating against communist rule by pulling down statues of
Stalin and local communist being attacked etc.
Khrushchev appoints Imre Nagy as prime minister, in hope that the situation will calm down.

Question 14

What were Imre Nagy’s reforms? (2)

Answer 14

Leave Warsaw Pact and become a neutral country
Hold free elections leading to no more communist government

Question 15

Soviet invasion of Hungary key points (2)

Answer 15

Khrushchev dissaproved of Imre Nagy’s reforms, he felt that if USSR left the Warsaw Pact other countries would soon follow
November 1956- Khrushchev sent 200,000 Soviet troops into Hungary to depose Nagy and restore order

Question 16

consequences of the Soviet invasion of Hungary (4)

Answer 16

5000+ Hungarians killed as a result
Nagy and his government disposed
Imre Nagy arrested,tried and executed
New leader, Janos Kadar appointed- who established a 15 point programme which aimed to re-establish communist rule in Hungary

Question 17

international reaction and consequences of the Soviet Invasion of Hungary (2)

Answer 17

some countries boycotted the 1956 olympics
USA supported Hungary’s uprising with financial aid, medical help etc
Satellite states saw that USA would not help them against USSR as they couldn’t risk nuclear war because they helped- tightened control over Eastern Europe

Question 18

Khrushchev’s Berlin ultimatum key points (3)

Answer 18

1958
stated that all Berlin belonged to East Germany and that occupying troops must leave within 6 months
USSR knew that if it tried to push the West out of Berlin it would cause a war they could not win as the USA had more nuclear weapons, so this led to a series of summit meetings between USA and USSR

Question 19

geneva summit meeting key points (2)

Answer 19

MAY 1959
no solution agreed but a further summit organised for Camp David (USA)

Question 20

Camp David (3)

Answer 20

SEPTEMBER 1959
Khrushchev and Eisenhower only
no solution but further summit organised in Paris

Question 21

Paris summit (3)

Answer 21

MAY 1960
Khrushchev and Eisenhower
Khrushchev storms out because the USSR had shot down a U2 spy plane over Russia.

Question 22

Vienna conference (4)

Answer 22

JANUARY 1961
Kennedy and Khrushchev
neither willing to back down
Khrushchev saw Kennedy’s inexperience as a weakness and reissued the Berlin Ultimatum