CLM_Ecología 02

Question 1

1. an oversized banking sector [Adj also means excessive]
2. The emergence of these sectors fuelled by the banking sector [talking re propert inv. and tourism sectors] B. Fig N from what lit vb?
3. the upward revaluation of financial and real estate assets B. N = rise eg pricee <- q vb? C. eg “a fixed/liquid asset”
4. When the revaluation bubble burst, success turned into failure. B. A formal vb = llegar a ser
5. “The boom years” saw a 4% GDP growth rate. [CLUE re saw: 1. think impersonal verb structure 2. idea of reach]

Answer 1

1. un sobredimensionado sector bancario
2. La eclosión de estos sectores alimentados por el sector bancario B. eclosionear = to hatch
3. la revalorización al alza de los activos financieros e inmobiliarios B. alzar = to lift up C. “un activo fijo/liquido”
4. Al pinchar la burbuja revalorizadora el éxito devino fracaso B. devenir
5. “Los años de pujanza” se alcanzó un 4% de crecimiento PIB

Question 2

1. the jurisdiction in this area
2. The success of the model can be seen FROM a few examples. [CLUE: 1. impersonal 2. think confirm, but not conformar]
3. The capital gains generated as a result of urban reclassifications …
4. … it was a short-sighted vision that, in the long term, was to have serious consequences.
5. the last upward cycle of the Spanish economy and its subsequent decline. B. only upward re stock market, hence “a bull market”

Answer 2

1. la competencia en esta materia
2. El éxito del modelo puede constatarse CON algunos ejemplos.
3. La plusvalía generada como consecuencia de las reclasificaciones urbanísticas …
4. … era una visión cortoplacista que, a largo plazo iba a tener graves consecuencias
5. el último ciclo alcista de la economía española y su posterior declive. B. “un mercado alcista”

Question 3

1. In order to + regulate the market for the purchase of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission rights
2. … GHG emissions in Western countries by 5.2% compared to 1990 levels.
3. All the figures since 1997 have fallen far short of what compliance with the Kyoto Protocol requires OF Spain.
4. A. “the carbon footprint” B. “the water footprint” C. “the ecological footprint”
5. foreign products [adj]

Answer 3

1. A fin de + regular el mercado de compra de derechos de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI)
2. … GEI de los países enriquecidos EN un 5,2% respecto a los niveles de 1990.
3. Todas las cifras, desde 1997 se encuentran muy alejadas de lo que el cumplimiento del Protocolo de Kyoto obligaba A España
4. A. “la huella de carbono” B. “la huella hídrica” C. “la huella ecológica”
5. productos foráneos

Question 4

1. It’s worth mentioning + carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide …
2. the areas of peatbog that the thawing of the permafrost
3. the mangroves, the salt marshes, the reefs
4. the continental ice shelves
5. the migratory patterns of birds B. Explain use of N?

Answer 4

1. Cabe destacar + el dioxido de cárbono, el metano o el óxido nitroso …
2. las zonas de turbera que el deshielo del permafrost
3. los manglares, las marismas, los arrecifes
4. las plataformas de hielo continentales
5. las pautas migratorias de las aves B. pauta = “a norm” or “a standard”, as in a rule. But, also “a pattern”, as in a trend

Question 5

1. And, as of today, a fairly representative group of … B. What exp emphasise?
2. the current situacion (as in, present, temporary or interim)
3. In our view, climate change scepticism cannot be used to side step the complex implications ….. [vb also means to get around, as in avoid]
4. … is one amongst the many problem areas that … B. N = un conjunto de problemas, What mean as an adj?
5. island territories [CLUE: island is and adj]

Answer 5

1. y, a día de hoy, un grupo bastante representativo de … B. “hasta una fecha” therefore also means “up until now”
2. la situación coyuntural
3. A nuestro juicio, el escepticismo sobre el cambio climático no puede ser empleado para soslayar las complejas implicaciones ….
4. “… es una de entre las muchas problemáticas que … B. problematic, in way I would use.
5. territorios insulares

Question 6

1. … it is a symptom (far reaching, mind you) of the former. B. How use “mind you” phrase? C. “far reaching” exp also = broad ranging + large scale.
2. Ocean levels have risen since 1961 at a rate of 1.8 mm/year. B. What does the exp imply?
3. … it is causing knock on effects
4. estimates a time range, quite loose, due to the uncertainties
5. a significant degradation of the substrate [ie the layer below the surface]

Answer 6

1. … es un síntoma (de gran envergadura, eso sí) de la primera. B. to qualify, modify or clarify s.th previously said. Therefore can also mean though, of course, that said etc.
2. El nivel de los océanos ha aumentado desde 1961 a un promedio de 1’8 mm/año B. “an average” (implied).
3. está provocando efectos en cadena
4. estima un intervalo de tiempo, bastante laxo, debido a las incertidumbres de … B. intervalo, always idea of period of time eg “the interval” in the cinema
5. un empobrocemiento considerable del sustrato

Question 7

1. in the coming years (or to come, adj) …
2. Building on the change already observed (also starging with, exp)
3. The cold front episodes … (as in, metereological)
4. the fragile wine-making sector [adj]
5. We tend to think that this is a distant, almost alien problem … (as in, foreign [fml adj])

Answer 7

1. en los años venideros …
2. Partiendo del cambio ya observado
3. Los episodios de gota fría
4. el delicado sector vitivinícola
5. tendemos a pensar que se trata de un problema lejano, casi ajeno,

Question 8

1. As long as this revolution isn’t addressed, climate change will continue to advance. B. What is grammar pt? C. vb = to tackle]
2. we want to generate reflection starting with a number of realities …
3. coastal ecosystems contribute to the dampening (or cushioning) of floods …
4. the cork oak could disappear from south-west Spain towards the middle of the century (as in,around or by the mid century)
5. the proliferation of species such as the jellyfish as against (or compared to) those in decline, such as marine snails

Answer 8

1. Mientras no se abordE esta revolución, el cambio climático seguirá avanzando …B. mientras + subj = as long as C. [abordarse]
2. queremos generar reflexión a partir de una serie de realidades …
3. los ecosistemas costeros contribuyen a la amortiguación de inundaciones.
4. el alcornoque podría desaparecer del suroeste de España hacia mediados de siglo
5. la proliferación de especies como la medusa frente a las que decrecen, como los caracoles marinos

Question 9

1. the migratory passage of birds
2. in recent decades [NOT decada]
3. Mediterranean coral reefs severely affected by mass die-offs B. What N mean re people?
4. the shrinking of the glaciers [Nb, gen means decline or decrease]
5. the jellyfish most dangerous for its stings [also means bites re insects]

Answer 9

1. el paso migratorio de las aves
2. en los últimos decenios
3. los arrecifes del coral mediterráneo gravemente afectada por mortandades masivas B. death toll or mortalities
4. la mengua de los glaciares
5. la medusa más peligrosa por sus picaduras

Question 10

1. Only in 2012 was a larger expanse (or area) burnt to a crisp, but 2017 is …
2. In addition to the high accident rate … <- accident [N], eg in an insurance policy
3. All acroos this planet, and in our latitude climate change is … B. What loc exp mean without the “de”?
4. … the large fires that devastated Portugal last year …
5. In short (or Ultimately), if we want to look for solutions, we will have to change …

Answer 10

1. Solo en 2012, se calcinó una mayor extensión, pero EL 2017 es …
2. Además de la alta siniestrabilidad … B. un siniestro (as well as sinister, as an adj)
3. A lo ancho del planeta, y en nuestra latitud, el cambio climático es … B. across, as in the widest bit eg across the bed.
4. … los grandes incendios que asolaron Portugal el año pasado …
5. En definitiva, si queremos buscar soluciones, tendremos que cambiar …

Question 11

1. The Spanish agricultural system is sucking up water reserves and accentuating the process of aridification.
2. the population of equatorial zones that are fleeing “a barren land”
3. The increasing temperatures in Spain are unstoppable. B. Note the grammar struct.
4. Average reduction in annual runoff almost doubles … B. to double, to triple, to quadruple
5. extreme weather events

Answer 11

1. El sistema agrícola español está chupando las reservas de agua y acentuando el proceso de aridificación.
2. la población de las zonas ecuatoriales que huyen de “una tierra yerma”
3. El aumento de las temperaturas en España es imparable. B. El aumento de + N
4. La reducción media en la escorrentía anual casi se duplica … B. duplicarse, triplicarse, cuadruplicar
5. los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos

Question 12

1. Exceeding the 1.5ºC limit would result in(as in, would lead to) a further increase in extreme heat
2. The southern regions are already seeing (as in, experiencing) a greater increase in maximum temperatures
3. And while Spain swelters (as in, scorches) in summer, the winters “are getting warmer”. [CLUE: structure not a change vb]
4. Spain is situated in temperate zone of the planet. [CLUE: neither situarse or ubicarse]

Answer 12

1. Superar el límite de 1,5ºC depararía un mayor incremento del calor extremo
2. Las regiones meridionales ya están registrando un mayor aumento en las temperaturas máximas
3. Y mientras España se abrasa en verano, los inviernos “son cada vez más cálidos”.
4. España se encuentra en la zona templada del planeta

Question 13

1. Iberdrola claims that Repsol has committed + “unfair competition”. B. to commit, only re a crime
2. Greenwashing, where a company or a product presents itself as green or committed to the environment and the fight against climate change, despite being false, …
3. Dissemination of the research in this area is much needed.
4. … closely followed by Australia, Europe and the United States [re regions]
5. A key finding of the study is that …

Answer 13

1. Iberdrola sostiene que Repsol ha incurrido en “competencia desleal” B. incurrir en un delito
2. El ecopostureo, que una compañía o un producto se presenten como verdes o comprometidos con el medio ambiente y la lucha climática pese a ser falso, …
3. La divulgación de la investigación en este área es tan necesaria [adj]
4. … seguidas de cerca por Australia, Europa y Estados Unidos
5. Un hallazgo clave del estudio es que …

Question 14

1. … records will continue to be broken progressively, but it need not be every year. B. vb = to beat, a record but also eggs. [CLUE: passive structure]
2. What is clear is that the 2 things add up to each other.
3. … the in-between seasons are not going to be SO (as in “very”) defined (or clear) in the future.
4. …. the conclusions aren’t very promising [as in, favourable] [A new use of word for Paul]
5. the small developing island states

Answer 14

1. … se seguirán batiendo récords progresivamente pero no tiene por qué ser cada año.
2. Lo que está claro es que las dos cosas se suman entre sí. [NOT “en sí¨, in itself or its essence]
3. … las estaciones intermedias no van a ser muy nítidas en el futuro
4. … las conclusiones no son nada halagüeñas
5. los pequeños estados insulares en desarrollo

Question 15

1. the rest of the earth’s [or terrestial, adj] biological system
2. the excess deaths associated WITH …
3. …people who have a previous underlying disease or advanced age. [CLUE: is the medical term for disease]
4. In recent months there has already been a slowdown in the arrival of tourists to Spain. B. “to be” [fml], as in to occur or to happen C. vb = “to slowdown”

Answer 15

1. el resto del sistema biológico terráqueo
2. la sobremortalidad asociada A …
3. …personas que tienen una patología previa de base o de avanzada edad.
4. En los últimos meses ya se registra una ralentización de la llegada de turistas a España. B. registrarse C. ralentizar

Question 16

1. At a global level, energy consumption represents by far the largest source of …
2. Around two thirds of global greenhouse gas emissions are linked to the burning of fossil fuels.
3. … there was no reason to wait nor laze around [Isla Berta]
4. He asked him to point out possible imperfections or gaffes [or blunders],
5. a housekeeper in charge of the housekeeping

Answer 16

1. A escala mundial, el consumo de energía representa, con diferencia, la mayor fuente de …
2. Alrededor de dos tercios de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero mundiales están ligadas a la quema de combustibles fósiles.
3. … no habia motivo para esperar ni remolonear
4. Le pedía que le señalase posibles imperfecciones o torpezas,
5. una ama de llaves encargada de la intendencia

Question 17

1. … as (or since, CONJ) it deprives it of quantities suitable for certain uses. [to deprive s.o. of s.th]
2. To this we should add that water is an element that is renewed through cyclical flows.
3. … underground water stores (aquifers), which are seasonally replenished.
4. …… has made it difficult to manage the resource. [also, to hinder]
5. … the diversion and channelling of runoff, catchment and storage of water.

Answer 17

1. … pues + priva de cantidades aptas según qué usos [privar a alguien de algo]
2. A ello debemos unir que el agua es un elemento que se renueva a través de flujos cíclico
3. … almacenes subterráneos de agua (acuíferos), que se recargan estacionalmente.
4. … ha dificultado la gestión de este recurso. [dificultar]
5. … la derivación y canalización de la escorrentía, captación y almacenamiento del agua.