chp 7 Flashcards
Axial Skeleton
80 Bones: supports and protects bones of head, neck, and trunk Cranial bones: 8 Facial bones: 14 Auditory bones: 6 Hyoid : 1 Vertebral Column: 26 Thoracic Cage: 25
Cranial Bones
Parietal (2) Temporal (2) Frontal (1) Occipital (1) Ethmoid (1) Sphenoid (1)
Facial Bones
Maxilla (2) Zygomatic (2) Mandible (1) Nasal (2) Palatine (2) Inferior Nasal Concha (2) Lacrimal (2) Vomer (1)
Vertebral Column
Cervical Vertebrae: 7 Thoracic Vertebrae: 12 Lumbar Vertebrae: 5 Sacrum: 1 Coccyx: 1
Thoracic Cage
Sternum: 1
Ribs: 24
Appendicular Skeleton
Includes bones of limbs and bones that anchor them to axial skeleton; 126 bones total
Pectoral girdles
4 bones
Clavicle (2) and scapula (2)
Upper Extremity
60 Humerus (2) Radius (2) Ulna (2) Carpals (16) Metacarpals (10) Phalanges (28)
Pelvic Girdle
Coxal/innominate/hip bones (2)
Lower Extremity
Femur (2) Tibia (2) Fibula (2) Patella (2) Tarsals (14) Metatarsals (10) Phalanges (28)
Mastoid process
Conical prominence projecting from undersurface of temporal bone. Located just behind the external acoustic meatus, lateral to the styloid process. Mastoid process is point of attachment for several muscles.
Cribriform Plate
Makes up the ethmoidal labyrinths, forms most of the inner walls of the eye socks and are joined together by a thin perforated plate of bone at the roof of the nose. The olfactory nerves that carry the sense of small passes through the foramina to the brain.
Styloid Process
Temporal styloid process: attachment point for several neck and tongue muscles
Radial styloid process: anchoring point for ligaments
Ulnar styloid process: anchoring point for wrist ligament
Fontanelle
Membranous spaces (soft spots) in the skull of newborn
Anterior: largest
Posterior
Anterolateral (sphenoidal)
Posterolateral (mastoid)
By age 5 the brain stops growing, cranial sutures develop
Suture
Type of fibrous joint which only occurs int he skull/cranium
Wormian/Sutural bones
Intrasutural bones: irregular, isolated, extra bone pieces that occur within a suture in the cranium
4 main cranial sutures
Frontal/coronal, sagittal, squamous, lambdoid
Functions of paranasal sinuses
Lighten the skull
Increase voice resonance
Buffers against blows to the face
Immunological defense
Paranasal sinuses (definition, names, locations)
Mucosa lined, air-filled spaces in bones surrounding nasal cavity
Maxillary sinuses* largest (surround nasal cavity)
Frontal sinuses (above the eyes)
Ethmoidal sinuses (between the eyes)
Sphenoidal sinuses (behind the ethmoids
Bony boundaries of orbits
Roof: sphenoid, frontal
Lateral wall: zygomatic, frontal, sphenoid
Medial wall: sphenoid, ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal
Floor of orbit: palatine, maxillary, zygomatic
Cleft lip/ cleft palate
Congenital deformities, failure of palate to fuse medially, involves palatine and maxilla bones. Can result in failure to gain weight, feeing problems, speech difficulties, poor growth, ear infections
Fetal/infant vertebral column
33 separate bones
Adult vertebral column
24 vertebrae + sacrum + coccyx
Typical Cervical vertebrae
(vertebrae 3-7) small, wide body
short bifid spinous process
triangular vertebral foramen
transverse process contains foramina
Typical Thoracic vertebrae
larger body than cervical, body is heart shaped
long, sharp spinous process that projects inferiorly
circular vertebral foramen
transverse process bears facets for ribs (except T11 and T12)
Typical lumbar vertebrae
Massive, kidney shaped body
Short, blunt, rectangular spinous process, projects directly posteriorly
Triangular vertebral foramen
Transverse process is thin and tapered
Atlas
C1
No body, no spinous process
Ring of bone, superior articular facets receive the occipital condyles of the skull
Axis
Features dens (odontoid process) which acts as a pivot for rotation of the atlas (allows no-no head movement)
Intervertebral disc
Nucleus pulposus: inner gelatinous nucleus gives the disc elasticity and compressability
Annulus fibrosus: outer collar of collagen and fibrocartilage
Why is a slipped disc painful?
Protrusion of the nucleus pulposus, most common in lumbar region. Pressure on spinal nerves causes pain.
3 Abnormal curvatures of the spine
Kyphosis: outward curvature (hunchback)
Lordosis: inward curvature: swayback
Scoliosis: lateral (sideward) curvature
Primary spinal curves
Present at birth: Thoracic and Sacral
Secondary spinal curves
Cervical (4 months) and Lumbar (12 months)
Thoracic cage/ bony thorax
Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum, costal cartilages
True ribs
aka vertebrosternal ribs; superior 7 ribs attach directly to the sternum by individual costal cartilages
False ribs
Remaining 5 pairs of ribs, either attach indirectly to sternum or completely lack sternal attachment
Vertebral ribs/ floating ribs
Rib pairs 11 and 12, no anterior attachment
Male vs Female pelves
Female: broad, shallow pelvic cavity. Bones are lighter and thinner. Pubic arch angle is larger (80-90)
Male: narrow, deep pelvic cavity. Smaller pelvic inlet and outlet. Heavier, thicker bones. Small pubic arch angle (50-60)
arches of foot
lateral longitudinal arch, medial longitudinal arch. Arches “give”/stretch slightly when weight is applied to the foot and spring back when weight is removed, makes walking/running more economical
Articulation/joints
point of contact, weakest portion of skeleton
between 2 bones
between bone and cartilage
between bone and teeth
Joint classification: structural
Material binding bones together
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Joint classification: functional
Amount of movement allowed by the joint
Synarthroses (immovable)
Amphiarthroses (slightly movable)
Diarthroses (freely movable)
Joint classification pairings
Fibrous synarthroses
Cartilaginous amphiarthroses
Synovial diarthroses
