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Bio 250 > chp 7 > Flashcards

chp 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Axial Skeleton

A 
80 Bones: supports and protects bones of head, neck, and trunk
Cranial bones: 8 
Facial bones: 14
Auditory bones: 6
Hyoid : 1 
Vertebral Column: 26
Thoracic Cage: 25
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2
Q

Cranial Bones

A 
Parietal (2)
Temporal (2)
Frontal (1)
Occipital (1)
Ethmoid (1)
Sphenoid (1)
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3
Q

Facial Bones

A 
Maxilla (2) 
Zygomatic (2)
Mandible (1)
Nasal (2)
Palatine (2)
Inferior Nasal Concha (2)
Lacrimal (2)
Vomer (1)
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4
Q

Vertebral Column

A 
Cervical Vertebrae: 7
Thoracic Vertebrae: 12
Lumbar Vertebrae: 5
Sacrum: 1
Coccyx: 1
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5
Q

Thoracic Cage

A

Sternum: 1
Ribs: 24

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6
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Includes bones of limbs and bones that anchor them to axial skeleton; 126 bones total

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7
Q

Pectoral girdles

A

4 bones

Clavicle (2) and scapula (2)

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8
Q

Upper Extremity

A 
60 
Humerus (2)
Radius (2)
Ulna (2)
Carpals (16)
Metacarpals (10)
Phalanges (28)
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9
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A

Coxal/innominate/hip bones (2)

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10
Q

Lower Extremity

A 
Femur (2) 
Tibia (2) 
Fibula (2)
Patella (2)
Tarsals (14)
Metatarsals (10) 
Phalanges (28)
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11
Q

Mastoid process

A

Conical prominence projecting from undersurface of temporal bone. Located just behind the external acoustic meatus, lateral to the styloid process. Mastoid process is point of attachment for several muscles.

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12
Q

Cribriform Plate

A

Makes up the ethmoidal labyrinths, forms most of the inner walls of the eye socks and are joined together by a thin perforated plate of bone at the roof of the nose. The olfactory nerves that carry the sense of small passes through the foramina to the brain.

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13
Q

Styloid Process

A

Temporal styloid process: attachment point for several neck and tongue muscles
Radial styloid process: anchoring point for ligaments
Ulnar styloid process: anchoring point for wrist ligament

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14
Q

Fontanelle

A

Membranous spaces (soft spots) in the skull of newborn
Anterior: largest
Posterior
Anterolateral (sphenoidal)
Posterolateral (mastoid)
By age 5 the brain stops growing, cranial sutures develop

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15
Q

Suture

A

Type of fibrous joint which only occurs int he skull/cranium

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16
Q

Wormian/Sutural bones

A

Intrasutural bones: irregular, isolated, extra bone pieces that occur within a suture in the cranium

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17
Q

4 main cranial sutures

A

Frontal/coronal, sagittal, squamous, lambdoid

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18
Q

Functions of paranasal sinuses

A

Lighten the skull
Increase voice resonance
Buffers against blows to the face
Immunological defense

19
Q

Paranasal sinuses (definition, names, locations)

A

Mucosa lined, air-filled spaces in bones surrounding nasal cavity
Maxillary sinuses* largest (surround nasal cavity)
Frontal sinuses (above the eyes)
Ethmoidal sinuses (between the eyes)
Sphenoidal sinuses (behind the ethmoids

20
Q

Bony boundaries of orbits

A

Roof: sphenoid, frontal
Lateral wall: zygomatic, frontal, sphenoid
Medial wall: sphenoid, ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal
Floor of orbit: palatine, maxillary, zygomatic

21
Q

Cleft lip/ cleft palate

A

Congenital deformities, failure of palate to fuse medially, involves palatine and maxilla bones. Can result in failure to gain weight, feeing problems, speech difficulties, poor growth, ear infections

22
Q

Fetal/infant vertebral column

A

33 separate bones

23
Q

Adult vertebral column

A

24 vertebrae + sacrum + coccyx

24
Q

Typical Cervical vertebrae

A

(vertebrae 3-7) small, wide body
short bifid spinous process
triangular vertebral foramen
transverse process contains foramina

25
Q

Typical Thoracic vertebrae

A

larger body than cervical, body is heart shaped
long, sharp spinous process that projects inferiorly
circular vertebral foramen
transverse process bears facets for ribs (except T11 and T12)

26
Q

Typical lumbar vertebrae

A

Massive, kidney shaped body
Short, blunt, rectangular spinous process, projects directly posteriorly
Triangular vertebral foramen
Transverse process is thin and tapered

27
Q

Atlas

A

C1
No body, no spinous process
Ring of bone, superior articular facets receive the occipital condyles of the skull

28
Q

Axis

A

Features dens (odontoid process) which acts as a pivot for rotation of the atlas (allows no-no head movement)

29
Q

Intervertebral disc

A

Nucleus pulposus: inner gelatinous nucleus gives the disc elasticity and compressability
Annulus fibrosus: outer collar of collagen and fibrocartilage

30
Q

Why is a slipped disc painful?

A

Protrusion of the nucleus pulposus, most common in lumbar region. Pressure on spinal nerves causes pain.

31
Q

3 Abnormal curvatures of the spine

A

Kyphosis: outward curvature (hunchback)
Lordosis: inward curvature: swayback
Scoliosis: lateral (sideward) curvature

32
Q

Primary spinal curves

A

Present at birth: Thoracic and Sacral

33
Q

Secondary spinal curves

A

Cervical (4 months) and Lumbar (12 months)

34
Q

Thoracic cage/ bony thorax

A

Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum, costal cartilages

35
Q

True ribs

A

aka vertebrosternal ribs; superior 7 ribs attach directly to the sternum by individual costal cartilages

36
Q

False ribs

A

Remaining 5 pairs of ribs, either attach indirectly to sternum or completely lack sternal attachment

37
Q

Vertebral ribs/ floating ribs

A

Rib pairs 11 and 12, no anterior attachment

38
Q

Male vs Female pelves

A

Female: broad, shallow pelvic cavity. Bones are lighter and thinner. Pubic arch angle is larger (80-90)
Male: narrow, deep pelvic cavity. Smaller pelvic inlet and outlet. Heavier, thicker bones. Small pubic arch angle (50-60)

39
Q

arches of foot

A

lateral longitudinal arch, medial longitudinal arch. Arches “give”/stretch slightly when weight is applied to the foot and spring back when weight is removed, makes walking/running more economical

40
Q

Articulation/joints

A

point of contact, weakest portion of skeleton
between 2 bones
between bone and cartilage
between bone and teeth

41
Q

Joint classification: structural

A

Material binding bones together
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

42
Q

Joint classification: functional

A

Amount of movement allowed by the joint
Synarthroses (immovable)
Amphiarthroses (slightly movable)
Diarthroses (freely movable)

43
Q

Joint classification pairings

A

Fibrous synarthroses
Cartilaginous amphiarthroses
Synovial diarthroses

Bio 250 (24 decks)

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