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Bio 250 > Chp 3 > Flashcards

Chp 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell Theory (3 parts)

A

All organisms are composed of cells
Cells are the smallest living things
Cells arise only from pre-existing cells

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2
Q

Prokaryotic cells (bacterium)

A

smaller, simpler in structure
DNA concentrated in nucleoid region, not separated from rest of cell by membrane
Lacks most organelles

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3
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Larger, more complex
Nucleus enclosed by membrane
Contains many types of organelles

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4
Q

3 Basic parts of all human cells

A

Flexible outer boundary
Intracellular fluid containing organelles and structural fibers
Control center

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5
Q

Average adult human is composed of how many cells?

A

64-100 trillion cells

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6
Q

Why is cell size limited?

A

It is easier to move chemicals/”things” within and out of a small cell

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7
Q

Average cell size

A

10μ (micrometers)

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8
Q

Nucleolus

A

Found within nucleus, site where all chromosomes are condensed. Area where ribosomes are assembled

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

Largest organelle,surrounded by nuclear envelope. Contains DNA and controls cell, makes proteins

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10
Q

RIbosomes

A

Made of small and large subunit. Function to build proteins through translation process

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11
Q

Vesicle

A

Membrane-bound container, moves materials around

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12
Q

Rough ER

A

Transport system, canals and channels that connect membrane to nucleus and to organelles within cell. Folded membrane that is continuous with the nucleus and is studded with ribosomes. Secretory pathway of protein synthesis

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13
Q

Smooth ER

A

continuous with the rough ER,
In liver: produces lipids and cholesterol, is important for detoxification. Synthesizes steroid based hormones
In intestinal cells: absorption, synthesis, transport of fats
Skeletal and cardiac muscle: storage and release of Ca

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14
Q

Golgi Body

A

Folded, looks like a pita pocket/stack of flattened membranes and vesicles. Modifies proteins and is like a shipping center of the cell

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15
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Made of microtubules and microfilaments, provides physical structure to the cell. Anchors organelles, helps move substances. Cell motility (cilia, flagella) Muscle contraction and cell division

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16
Q

Mitochondria

A

Look like bacteria, made of a membrane folded inside another membrane. Mitochondria has its own DNA. Produces ATP for the cell through cellular respiration

17
Q

Cytosol

A

Fluid within a cell that contains dissolved material, maintains concentration gradients within cell

18
Q

Lysosomes

A

Small sacs filled with digestive enzymes. Essential to process of apoptosis “cell suicide” and are used to break down/digest material

19
Q

Centriole

A

Part of the centrosome, important for positioning within the cell, determine where nucleus will be. During cell division the centriole initiates formation of the spindle.

20
Q

Plasma membrane (fluid mosaic model)

A

separates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids. Semipermeable. Double layer of phospholipids with embedded, dispersed proteins, glycolipids, and cholesterol.

21
Q

Functions of membrane proteins

A
  1. Ion channels
  2. Carriers (transporters)
  3. Receptors
  4. Enzymes
  5. Intercellular joining (linker)
  6. Cell identity marker
22
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Viscous fluid between plasma membrane and the nucleus: cytosol + organelles +interconnected filaments and fibers

23
Q

Chromosomes

A 
46 total (2n = 46, n = 23) 
Made of DNA and proteins, contains genes
24
Q

Mitochondrial myopathy

A

Neuromuscular disorder due to malfunctioning mitochondria. Muscle weakness, muscle cramping, fatigue, lack of endurance, poor balance.

25
Q

Mitosis

A

nuclear division

26
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cell division (Follows mitosis)

27
Q

Interphase

A

most cells are in; growth phase, differentiation occurs

28
Q

Life Cycle of CEll

A

IPMAT: interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis

29
Q

Cell specialization/differentiation

A

Process by which generic cells develop into a specific kind of cell

30
Q

Cell Diversity, structure-function relationship

A

Red blood cells are flat, have a lot of surface area for gas exchange. Sperm cells have flagella that enables them to swim long distances to reach egg. Nerve cells can be a meter long, this length allows transmission of nerve signals/information from spinal cord to toe, for example. Fat cells are designed to store nutrients.

31
Q

Mitochondria: failure of a single organelle can affect health

A

Mitochondrial myopathies: neuromuscular disorders due to malfunctioning mitochondria; muscle weakness, muscle cramping, fatigue, poor balance; can cause death

32
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

plasma membrane, separates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids
Plays dynamic role in cellular activity, semipermeable

33
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Cell-identity markers, distinguish your cells from anyone else’s. Includes Major Histocompatability proteins

34
Q

Phospholipids

A

Form 75% of the lipid bilayer; hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails

35
Q

Microtubule

A

Support the cell and give it shape; form centrioles and cilia and flagella (if present)

36
Q

Microfilament

A

Involved in muscle contraction, help form cytoskeleton

37
Q

What are cell membranes made of?

A

Double layer made of phospholipids, embedded proteins, glycolipids, and cholesterol

38
Q

How are peripheral and integral proteins different?

A

Integral proteins are firmly inserted into the lipid bilayer. Peripheral proteins are not embedded, loosely attach to integral proteins.

39
Q

6 Major Functions of the cell membrane

A
  1. Ion channels
  2. Carriers (transporters)
  3. Receptors
  4. Enzymes
  5. Intercellular joining (linker)
  6. Cell identity marker

Bio 250 (24 decks)

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