Chp 3

Question 1

Cell Theory (3 parts)

Answer 1

All organisms are composed of cells
Cells are the smallest living things
Cells arise only from pre-existing cells

Question 2

Prokaryotic cells (bacterium)

Answer 2

smaller, simpler in structure
DNA concentrated in nucleoid region, not separated from rest of cell by membrane
Lacks most organelles

Question 3

Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 3

Larger, more complex
Nucleus enclosed by membrane
Contains many types of organelles

Question 4

3 Basic parts of all human cells

Answer 4

Flexible outer boundary
Intracellular fluid containing organelles and structural fibers
Control center

Question 5

Average adult human is composed of how many cells?

Answer 5

64-100 trillion cells

Question 6

Why is cell size limited?

Answer 6

It is easier to move chemicals/”things” within and out of a small cell

Question 7

Average cell size

Answer 7

10μ (micrometers)

Question 8

Nucleolus

Answer 8

Found within nucleus, site where all chromosomes are condensed. Area where ribosomes are assembled

Question 9

Nucleus

Answer 9

Largest organelle,surrounded by nuclear envelope. Contains DNA and controls cell, makes proteins

Question 10

RIbosomes

Answer 10

Made of small and large subunit. Function to build proteins through translation process

Question 11

Vesicle

Answer 11

Membrane-bound container, moves materials around

Question 12

Rough ER

Answer 12

Transport system, canals and channels that connect membrane to nucleus and to organelles within cell. Folded membrane that is continuous with the nucleus and is studded with ribosomes. Secretory pathway of protein synthesis

Question 13

Smooth ER

Answer 13

continuous with the rough ER,
In liver: produces lipids and cholesterol, is important for detoxification. Synthesizes steroid based hormones
In intestinal cells: absorption, synthesis, transport of fats
Skeletal and cardiac muscle: storage and release of Ca

Question 14

Golgi Body

Answer 14

Folded, looks like a pita pocket/stack of flattened membranes and vesicles. Modifies proteins and is like a shipping center of the cell

Question 15

Cytoskeleton

Answer 15

Made of microtubules and microfilaments, provides physical structure to the cell. Anchors organelles, helps move substances. Cell motility (cilia, flagella) Muscle contraction and cell division

Question 16

Mitochondria

Answer 16

Look like bacteria, made of a membrane folded inside another membrane. Mitochondria has its own DNA. Produces ATP for the cell through cellular respiration

Question 17

Cytosol

Answer 17

Fluid within a cell that contains dissolved material, maintains concentration gradients within cell

Question 18

Lysosomes

Answer 18

Small sacs filled with digestive enzymes. Essential to process of apoptosis “cell suicide” and are used to break down/digest material

Question 19

Centriole

Answer 19

Part of the centrosome, important for positioning within the cell, determine where nucleus will be. During cell division the centriole initiates formation of the spindle.

Question 20

Plasma membrane (fluid mosaic model)

Answer 20

separates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids. Semipermeable. Double layer of phospholipids with embedded, dispersed proteins, glycolipids, and cholesterol.

Question 21

Functions of membrane proteins

Answer 21

1. Ion channels
2. Carriers (transporters)
3. Receptors
4. Enzymes
5. Intercellular joining (linker)
6. Cell identity marker

Question 22

Cytoplasm

Answer 22

Viscous fluid between plasma membrane and the nucleus: cytosol + organelles +interconnected filaments and fibers

Question 23

Chromosomes

Answer 23

46 total (2n = 46, n = 23) 
Made of DNA and proteins, contains genes

Question 24

Mitochondrial myopathy

Answer 24

Neuromuscular disorder due to malfunctioning mitochondria. Muscle weakness, muscle cramping, fatigue, lack of endurance, poor balance.

Question 25

Mitosis

Answer 25

nuclear division

Question 26

Cytokinesis

Answer 26

Cell division (Follows mitosis)

Question 27

Interphase

Answer 27

most cells are in; growth phase, differentiation occurs

Question 28

Life Cycle of CEll

Answer 28

IPMAT: interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis

Question 29

Cell specialization/differentiation

Answer 29

Process by which generic cells develop into a specific kind of cell

Question 30

Cell Diversity, structure-function relationship

Answer 30

Red blood cells are flat, have a lot of surface area for gas exchange. Sperm cells have flagella that enables them to swim long distances to reach egg. Nerve cells can be a meter long, this length allows transmission of nerve signals/information from spinal cord to toe, for example. Fat cells are designed to store nutrients.

Question 31

Mitochondria: failure of a single organelle can affect health

Answer 31

Mitochondrial myopathies: neuromuscular disorders due to malfunctioning mitochondria; muscle weakness, muscle cramping, fatigue, poor balance; can cause death

Question 32

Fluid Mosaic Model

Answer 32

plasma membrane, separates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids Plays dynamic role in cellular activity, semipermeable

Question 33

Glycoproteins

Answer 33

Cell-identity markers, distinguish your cells from anyone else's. Includes Major Histocompatability proteins

Question 34

Phospholipids

Answer 34

Form 75% of the lipid bilayer; hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails

Question 35

Microtubule

Answer 35

Support the cell and give it shape; form centrioles and cilia and flagella (if present)

Question 36

Microfilament

Answer 36

Involved in muscle contraction, help form cytoskeleton

Question 37

What are cell membranes made of?

Answer 37

Double layer made of phospholipids, embedded proteins, glycolipids, and cholesterol

Question 38

How are peripheral and integral proteins different?

Answer 38

Integral proteins are firmly inserted into the lipid bilayer. Peripheral proteins are not embedded, loosely attach to integral proteins.

Question 39

6 Major Functions of the cell membrane

Answer 39

1. Ion channels 2. Carriers (transporters) 3. Receptors 4. Enzymes 5. Intercellular joining (linker) 6. Cell identity marker