Chapter 1 Study Guide Q's Flashcards
Anatomy
Studies structures of body parts and their relationships to one another
Subdivisions of Anatomy
Gross anatomy: regional, systemic, surface
Microscopic anatomy
Developmental anatomy (includes embryology)
Physiology
concerns the functions of the body
Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function
What a structure can do depends on its specific form
ex//bones can support and protect body organs because they have hard mineral deposits
ex//blood flows in one direction through the heart because heart has valves that prevent backflow
6 Structural Levels of Human Body Organization
- chemical level
- cellular level
- tissue level
- organ level
- organ system level
- organismal level
Chemical level
atoms and molecules
Cellular level
cells are smallest units of living things
Tissue level
Tissues are groups of similar cells that have a common function
Organ level
Organs are discrete structures made of at least 2 different tissue types, capable of extremely complex functions
Organismal level
sum total of all levels working together to keep us alive
Principle Systems of Human Body
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic/immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive (male.female)
Integumentary System
Hair, skin, nails
Forms external body covering, protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D and houses cutaneous receptors and sweat/oil glands
Skeletal System
Joints, Bones, cartilages, ligaments, tendons
Protects and supports body organs, provides framework for muscles to cause movement. Site of blood cell formation, mineral storage/homeostasis
Muscular System
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, produces heat
Nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerves
Control center of body, respond to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
Endocrine System
Pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland , pancreas, ovary, testis
Glands secrete hormones that regulate proceses such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
Cardiovascular System
Heart, blood vessels
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, wastes, nutrients, etc. Heart pumps blood.
Lymphatic System/Immunity
Red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system. Houses white blood cells involved in immunity.
Respiratory System
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, bronchus, trachea, lungs
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Digestive System
Oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
Urinary System
Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of body.
Male Reproductive System
Prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens
Female Reproductive System
Mammary glands, ovary, uterus, uterine tube, vagina. Overall function: production of offspring.
Anatomical Position
Body is erect, feet slightly apart. Palms face forward and thumbs point away from body,
Diaphragm
Separates thoracic cavity from abdominopelvic cavity
3 Noninvasive techniques for assessing certain aspects of body structure and/or function
- Palpation: gently touching body surface with hands
- Auscultation: listening to body sounds
- Percussion: tapping on body surfaces and listening to echoes
