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Bio 250 > Chp 12: Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Chp 12: Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Main regions of adult brain

A

Cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)
Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus) retina
Brain stem: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
Cerebellum

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2
Q

Adult neural canal regions (ventricles)

A

Lateral ventricles, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, central canal

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3
Q

Major lobes of cerebrum

A 
Frontal lobe (1)
Parietal lobes (2)
Temporal lobes (2)
Occipital lobes (1)
insula
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4
Q

Gyrus/gyri

A

Elevated ridges of tissue

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5
Q

Sulcus/sulci

A

Shallow grooves

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6
Q

Fissures

A

Deeper grooves that separate large regions of brain

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7
Q

Median longitudinal fissure

A

separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres

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8
Q

Transverse cerebral fissure

A

separates cerebral hemispheres from cerebellum below

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9
Q

Lateralization of hemisphere function

A

Each hemiphere of the brain has abilities not completely shared by its partner

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10
Q

Sylvian/Lateral fissure

A

Separates frontal and parietal lobes from temoral lobe

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11
Q

Cerebrum

A

83% of brain mass
2 hemispheres connected by corpus callosum
1. superficial cortex of gray matter
2. internal white matter
3. basal nuclei (islands of gray matter, deep within white matter)

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12
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

outermost layer of gray matter

makes up superficial aspect + functional areas of the cerebrum, contains 70% of the neurons of CNS

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13
Q

Functional areas of cerebral cortex

A

Motor, sensory, association

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14
Q

Functional areas of cerebral cortex: motor

A

control voluntary movement

precise, skilled voluntary movements

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15
Q

Functional areas of cerebral cortex: sensory areas

A

conscious awareness of sensation

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16
Q

Functional areas of cerebral cortex: association areas

A

integrate diverse information

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17
Q

Cerebral white matter: Commissures/commissural fibers

A

connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres, allow 2 hemispheres to function as coordinated whole
Largest commissure is corpus callosum

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18
Q

Cerebral white matter: Association fibers

A

connect different parts of the same hemisphere

connect adjacent gyri or connect different cortical lobes

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19
Q

Cerebral white matter: Projection fibers

A

Tie cortex to rest of the nervous system and to the body’s receptors and effectors
Run vertically

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20
Q

Basal nuclei (basal ganglia)

A

Collection of nuclei deep to white matter of cerebral cortex
Control autonomic movements of skeletal muscles and help regulate muscle tone
caudate nucleus, globus pallidus,putamen

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21
Q

Diencephalon

A

paired structure, between brain stem and cerebral hemispheres
Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

22
Q

Thalamus

A

part of diencephalon

central relay station of all sensory impulses except olfactory senses to cortex

23
Q

Hypothalamus

A

part of diencephalon
controls autonomic functions, produces hormones, regulates body temperature, thirst, hunger, swallowing reflexes, pituitary secretions

24
Q

Epithalamus

A

part of diencephalon

has pineal body, regulates circadian rhythm

25
Q

Brain stem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

26
Q

Brain stem: midbrain

A

“bridge”
pons to diencephalon
motor impulses from cerebrum to cerebellum and spinal cord
superior colliculus: visual, auditory, somatosensory stimuli
inferior colliculus: processing auditory info
cerebral peduncles: clusters of motor and sensory fibers
substantia nigra: helps control subconscious muscle activity

27
Q

Brain stem: pons

A

Somatic and visceral motor control, white fiber tracts ascend and descend
pneumotaxic and apneustic areas: help control respiration
nuclei and tracts linking cerebellum with brain stem, cerebrum and spinal cord
contains nuclei for cranial nerves V to VIII

28
Q

Brain stem: medulla oblongata

A

Brain-spinal cord communication
Regulates autonomic functions
Cardio-respiratory center

29
Q

Decussation of pyramid

A

Crossing over of motor tracts in medulla

R brain controls L side of body

30
Q

Cerebellum

A

Compares intended movements to actual movements to smooth and coordinate complex, skilled movements
Regulates posture and balance
Cognition and language processing and problem solving
Arbor vitae = tree of life = white matter

31
Q

Limbic System

A

A functional group involved in emotion, motivation, and emotional association with memory
Amygdala: aggression and fear
Cingulate gyrus: heart rate, BP, cognitive
Hippocampus: long term memories
Hypothalamus: ANS (hormone)
Mammillary bodies: formation of memory
Orbitofrontal cortex: decision making

32
Q

What protects the brain?

A

Cranial bones
Cerebrospinal fluid
Cranial meninges

33
Q

Cranial meninges

A

Pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
subdural space, subarachnoid space
NO epidural space around brain

34
Q

3 dural septa

A

extend inward and limit excessive movement of brain
falx cerebri: between cerebral hemispheres
tentorium cerebelli: separates cerebrum from cerebellum
falx cerebelli: seperates 2 cerebellar hemispheres

35
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

clear, colorless fluid
cushions delicate brain tissues
optimal ionic concentrations for AP
transports (highly selective) glucose, proteins, ions and wastes

36
Q

Choroid plexus

A

specialized ependymal cells + capillaries
secerete CSF into ventricles
~500 ml of CSF per day

37
Q

4 Ventricles

A

For storage and recirculation of CSF
2 lateral ventricles separated by septum pellucidum
3rd ventricle: btwn right and left halves of thalamus
4th ventricle: btwn brain stem and cerebellum

38
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

Protective mechanism that helps maintain stable environment for brain
Astrocytes supply signals to endothelial cells, causing them to make tight junctions

39
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Damage to basal ganglia, degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons of substantia nigra
tremor, rigidity, involuntary muscle movements

40
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Progressive degenerative disease of brain, resulting in dementia
Formation of senile plaques between neurons

41
Q

Hydrocephaly

A

water in the brain
Blockage of drainage of CSF (tumor, inflammation, developmental malformation, meningitis, hemorrhage or injury)
Drain CSF by shunting to veins of neck/abdomen

42
Q

Spinal cord

A

From foramen magnum to L2
Regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
31 pairs of spinal nerves
Not uniform in diameter (cervical enlargement, lumbar enlargement)

43
Q

Conus medullaris

A

tapered inferior end of spinal cord

ends btwn L1 and L2

44
Q

Cauda equina

A

Origin of spinal nerves extending inferiorly from conus medullaris

45
Q

Meninges (spinal cord)

A

Dura mater: outermost
Arachnoid mater: thin and wispy
Pia mater: bound tightly to surface, forms filum terminale (anchors spinal cord to coccyx) and forms dentriculate ligaments that attach spinal cord to dura

46
Q

Epidural space (spinal cord)

A

Filled with fat and network of veins

47
Q

Subdural space (spinal cord)

A

Serous fluid

48
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Filled with CSF

49
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Grey matter in its core, white matter outside

50
Q

Flaccid paralysis

A

Caused by severe damage to ventral root or ventral horns

Nerve impulses do not reach the muscles served, they cannot move. Without stimulation, they atrophy

51
Q

Spastic paralysis

A

Caused when only the upper motor neurons of the primary motor cortex are damaged
Spinal motor neurons remain intact, spinal reflex activity continues to stimulate muscles irregularly

52
Q

Reticular formation

A

Extends through brain stem, keeps cortex alert via reticular activating system and dampening familiar, repetitive, or weak sensory inputs

Bio 250 (24 decks)

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