Chp 16: Endocrine

Question 1

What is a gland?

Answer 1

An organ in an animal’s body that synthesizes a substance for release

Question 2

Exocrine vs endocrine glands

Answer 2

Exocrine (with ducts): secretes products into cavities inside the body or its outer surface
Endocrine (without ducts): secretes hormones, no duct, transports through bloodstream

Question 3

Hormones

Answer 3

Hormones are long distance chemical messengers released in one part of the body that travel in the blood and alter activities of cells in a different part of the body

Question 4

Cell responses to hormone stimulation

Answer 4

Involve changes in membrane permeability, enzyme synthesis, activation, or inhibition, secretory activity, mitosis

Question 5

Autocrines

Answer 5

short distane signal

chemicals that exert their effects on the same cells that secrete them ex// prostaglandins

Question 6

Paracrines

Answer 6

short distance signal
Act locally (within same tissue) but affect cell types other than those releasing the paracrine chemicals ex// somatostatin released by one population of pancreatic cells inhibits release of insulin by a different population of pancreatic cells

Question 7

Neuroendocrine organ

Answer 7

Hypothalamus (has neural functions, produces and releases hormones)

Question 8

Endocrine organs

Answer 8

Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, pancreas, gonads, placenta

Question 9

Organs that are not endocrine organs but secrete hormones

Answer 9

Adipose cells, thymus, small intestine, stomach, kidneys, heart, liver, skin

Question 10

Hypothalamus and pituitary relationship

Answer 10

Action potentials travel down axons of hypothalamic neurons, causing hormone release from their axon terminals in posterior pituitary
Hypothalamic hormones released into hypophyseal portal system control release of anterior pituitary hormones

Question 11

“master endocrine gland”

Answer 11

anterior pituitary is called the “master endocrine gland” b/c many of the numerous hormones it produces regulate the activity of other endocrine glands (though hypothalamus really controls activity of anterior pituitary)

Question 12

Anterior Pituitary hormones

Answer 12

Growth hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
follicle stimulating hormone
leuteinizing hormone
prolactin

Question 13

Hormone that stimulates ovulation in females and sperm production in males? (source?)

Answer 13

Follicle stimulating hormone

source: anterior pituitary

Question 14

Glands that regulate body’s calcium homeostasis

Answer 14

Thyroid (calcitonin) and parathyroid (parathyroid hormone)

Question 15

Pineal gland

Answer 15

Hangs from roof of third ventricle in diencephalon

Releases melatonin, important for “biological clock”