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Bio 250 > Chp 6 > Flashcards

Chp 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Skeletal System

A

Bones (skeleton)
Cartilages
Ligaments (bone to bone)
Tendons (bone to muscle)

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2
Q

Skeletal System Functions

A 
Assistance in Movement
Support (structure)
mineral homeostasis
Storage of fats
Protection of internal organs
site of blood cel production
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3
Q

What is the name of the growth plate found in children’s bones during endochondral ossification?

A

Epiphyseal plate (once ossified: epiphyseal line)

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4
Q

Long bone

A

Longer than they are wide, has shaft plus two ends

ex// all limb bones except patella, wrist, and ankle bones

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5
Q

Short bone

A

cube shaped ex// bones of ankle and wrist

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6
Q

Flat bones

A

Composed of 2 layers of compact tissue ex// sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones

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7
Q

Irregular bones

A

complicated shapes ex// vertebrae and hip bones

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8
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Type of short bone embedded in a tendon (shaped like a sesame seed) ex// patella

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9
Q

Sutural bone

A

interlocking joints of tiny, irregularly shaped bones that unite all bones of adult skull ex// coronal, sagittal, squamous, lambdoid

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10
Q

Tuberosity

A

Large rounded projection, may be roughened

Site of muscle and ligament attachement

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11
Q

Crest

A

Narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent

Site of muscle and ligament attachment

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12
Q

Trochanter

A

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (only example: on femur)
Site of muscle and ligament attachment

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13
Q

Line

A

Narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest

site of muscle/ligament attachment

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14
Q

Tubercle

A

small rounded projection or process

site of muscle/ligament attachment

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15
Q

epicondyle

A

raised area on or above a condyle

site of muscle/ligament attachment

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16
Q

Spine

A

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

site of muscle/ligament attachment

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17
Q

Process

A

Any bony prominence

site of muscle/ligament attachment

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18
Q

Head

A

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

projection that helps form joints

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19
Q

Facet

A

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface

projection that helps form joints

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20
Q

Condyle

A

rounded articular projection

projection that helps form joints

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21
Q

Ramus

A

armlike bar of bone

projection that helps form joints

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22
Q

Groove

A

Furrow

depression/opening that allows passage of blood vessels and nerves

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23
Q

Fissure

A

Narrow, slitlike opening

depression/opening that allows passage of blood vessels and nerves

24
Q

Foramen

A

Round or oval opening through a bone

depression/opening that allows passage of blood vessels and nerves

25
Q

Notch

A

Indentation at the edge of a structure

26
Q

Meatus

A

canal-like passageway

27
Q

Sinus

A

Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

28
Q

Fossa

A

Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

29
Q

Compact Bone

A

Dense outer layer, solid mass
aka “lamellar bone”
functional unit = osteon (Haversian system)

30
Q

Cancellous/ Spongy Bone

A

Honeycomb of trabeculae filled with red or yellow marrow

31
Q

Periosteum

A

White, double-layered membrane that covers the external surface of entire bone except for the joint surfaces
Provides anchoring points for tendons and ligaments
Outer fibrous layer is made of connective tissue, inner osteogenic layer consists of osteogenic stem cells

32
Q

Sharpey’s Fibers

A

“Perforating fibers”: tufts of collagen fibers that extend from its fibrous layer into the bone matrix- secure the periosteum to the underlying bone

33
Q

Endosteum

A

Delicate connective tissue membrane that covers internal bone surfaces
Contains osteogenic cells

34
Q

Location of hematopoietic tissue (red marrow)

A

Infants: in medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone
Adults: in diploe of flat bones, sternum, and head of femur and humerus
Yellow marrow can convert to red marrow in anemic persons

35
Q

What are the 4 major types of cells in bones?

A

Osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

36
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Undergo cell division, resulting cells develop into osteoblasts

37
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-building cells, synthesize extracellular matrix of bone tissue

38
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells, exchange nutrients and wastes with blood

39
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Release enzymes that digest the mineral components of bone matrix (resorption)
Regulate blood calcium level

40
Q

Chemical composition of bone

A

25% water [inorganic]
25% collagen fibers, proteoglycans, glycoproteins [organic]
50-65% crystallized mineral salts [inorganic]; mainly hydroxapatites (deposited and calcified by osteoblasts)

41
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

Bone increases in mass in proportion to the stresses placed on it by muscles ex// right handed people will have heavier bones in the right hand, bones of weight lifters (such as clavicles) are large, astronauts/bedridden patients suffer bone loss from lack of stress on bones

42
Q

Open Fracture

A

break in teh skin and underlying soft tissue leading directly into or communicating with the fracture and its hematoma

43
Q

Closed Fracture

A

“simple” fracture, does not break the skin

44
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A

Bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces

45
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

Partial fracture, one side of bone is broken and other side bends (common in chidren whose bones have relatively more organic matrix and are more flexible than those of adults)

46
Q

Impacted Fracture

A

One end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into another

47
Q

Pott’s Fracture

A

Fracture of the fibula, with injury of the tibial articulation

48
Q

Colle’s Fracture

A

Fracture of the radius, with displacement of distal fragment

49
Q

Stress Fracture

A

A series of microscopic fissures in bone

50
Q

Bone Mass

A

Peak bone mass: by age 20, maintain until 35-40
Women lose bone at accelerated rate during first ten years after menopause (2-5% per year)
Men lose bone more slowly with higher rate of loss after 65 years

51
Q

4 Factors that Contribute to Bone Health

A

Genetics, physical activity, hormones, nutrition

52
Q

2 main effects of aging on bone tissue

A
  1. Loss of Bone mass: loss of calcium from bone matrix

2. Brittleness: results from decreased rate of protein synthesis, loss of tensile strength

53
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Inadequately mineralized bones, “soft bones”

Insufficient dietary calcium/insufficient vit D

54
Q

RIckets

A

Children’s form of osteomalacia

More detrimental, bowed legs, deformities of pelvis, ribs, skull

55
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Decreased bone mass/bone mineral density resulting in porous bones
44 million US women and men (50 Y and older)
most common fracture sites: hip (femur), spine, wrist

Bio 250 (24 decks)

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