Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 250 > Chp 15: Special Senses > Flashcards

Chp 15: Special Senses Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 5 special senses that aid humans in interpreting their environment?

A

Gustatory, olfactory, vision, auditory, equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do special senses differ from general senses?

A

Special senses: more complex neuron structure, greater area of cerebral cortex, organs are located in the head, involve mainly cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Taste bud location

A

Mostly in papillae (peglike projections of tongue mucosa) but some scattered on soft palate, inner surface of cheeks, pharynx, and epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gustatory epithelial cells

A 
Receptor cells for taste
Long microvilli (gustatory hairs) project from tips of all gustatory epithelial cells and extend through taste pore to surface of epithelium where they are bathed in saliva
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Basal epithelial cells

A

Act as stem cells, dividing and differentiating into new gustatory epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Fungiform papillae

A

Scattered over tongue surface, taste buds aree located mainly on tops of these mushroom-shaped fungiform papillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Foliate papillae

A

Taste buds are found in the side walls of the foliate papillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Vallate papillae

A

Largest, least numerous papillae

Inverted V shape at back of tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

5 Primary Tastes (and mechanism of taste differentiation)

A 
Sweet: OH+
Sour: H+
Salty: ions
Bitter: alkaloids
Umami: glutamate and aspartate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The gustatory pathway

A

Branch of the facial nerve (VII) transmits impulses from taste receptors in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
Lingual branch of glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) serves the posterior third and the pharynx
Taste impulses from the few taste buds in the epiglottis and the lower pharynx are conducted by the vagus nerve (X)
These afferent fibers synapse in the solitary nucleus of the medulla, steam to thalamus, then to gustatory cortex in the insula.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Olfactory apparatus

A

Olfactory epithelium: located in roof of nasal cavity
Olfactory sensory neurons are cushioned by supporting cells
Olfactory stem cells lie at base of epithelium
Olfactory cilia increase receptive surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Role of thin mucus lining of olfactory epithelium

A

Solvent that captures and dissolves airborne odorants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Olfactory pathway

A

Olfactory sense neurons form olfactory nerves that synapse in overlying olfactory bulbs
Filaments of olfactory nerves synapse with mitral cells in glomeruli
When mitral cells are activated, impulses flow from olfactory bulbs via olfactory tracts to piriform lobe of the olfactory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Accessory eye structures

A 
Eyebrows: shade eyes from sunlight, prevent perspiration from reaching eyes
Eyelids
Eyelashes
Conjunctiva
Lacrimal apparatus
Extrinsic eye muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Blood shot eyes are

A

Dilation of blood vessels in conjunctiva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Lacrimal apparatus

A

Lacrimal gland lies in orbit above lateral end of eye, releases tears
Blinking spreads tears downward, across eyeball, to lacrimal canliculi
Drain into lacrimal sac then into nasolacrimal duct, which empties into nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sclera

A

Forms posterior portion of fibrous layer, protects and shapes eyeball, provides anchoring site for extrinsic eye muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cornea

A

Anterior portion of fibrous layer

Clear, forms window that lets light into eye

19
Q

Choroid

A

part of vascular layer (middle of the eyeball)

Blood vessel rich, dark brown membrane, its blood vessels nourish all eye layers

20
Q

Ciliary body

A

Anterior part of choroid
Part of vascular layer
Thickened ring of tissue that encircles the lens , controls lens shape

21
Q

Extrinsic eye muscles

A

Straplike muscles, 4 rectus, 2 oblique

Control movements of each eyeball

22
Q

Lateral rectus

A

moves eye laterally

VI

23
Q

Medial rectus

A

moves eye medially

III

24
Q

Superior rectus

A

Elevates eye and turns it medially

III

25
Q

Inferior rectus

A

Depresses eye and turns it medially

III

26
Q

Inferior oblique

A

Elevates eye and turns it laterally

III

27
Q

Superior oblique

A

Depresses eye and turns it laterally

IV

28
Q

Retina

A

Innermost layer of eyeball

Contains millions of photoreceptors that transduce (convert) light energy

29
Q

Rods

A

Dim light and peripheral vision receptors

More numerous and more sensitive to light than cones

30
Q

Cones

A

Vision receptors for bright light and color vision

31
Q

Fovea centralis

A

Pit in center of macula lutea, lateral to blind spot

Contains only cones

32
Q

Visual pathway to brain

A

Axons of retinal ganglion cells exit eye in optic nerves
At optic chiasma, fibers cross over to opposite side and continue via optic tracts which send most of their axons to synapse with neurons in the thalamus, fibers project to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobes

33
Q

Cataract

A

“waterfall” clouding of the lens

34
Q

Glaucoma

A

Damage to the retina and optic nerve due to increased pressure within eye (if drainage of aqueous humor is blocked)

35
Q

Ear gross anatomy

A

External: auricle/pinna funnels sound waves into the external acoustic meatus
Middle: tympanic cavity; small air-filled, mucosa-lined cavity, contains auditory ossicles
Internal: “labyrinth” bony and membranous portions, provides secure site for delicate receptor machinery

36
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

eardrum, boundary btwn outer and middle ears

Sound waves make the eardrum vibrate, transfers sound energy to tiny bones of middle ear and makes them vibrate

37
Q

Pharyngotympanic/Auditory/Eustachian Tube

A

Links middle ear cavity with nasopharynx
Usually flat and closed but can be opened briefly to equalize pressure
Mucus drainage

38
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Region of bony labyrinth Lie posterior and lateral to the vestibule
Anterior, posterior, and lateral semicircular canals in each internal ear

39
Q

Vestibule

A

Central egg-shaped cavity of bony labyrinth

40
Q

Cochlea

A

Spiral, conical, bony chamber of the bony labyrinth

41
Q

Organ of Corti

A

aka spiral organ, the receptor organ of hearing

Housed in cochlear duct

42
Q

Auditory pathway

A

Sound vibrations are collected by outer ear, travel into ear canal, ear drum vibrates and moves auditory ossicles in middle ear, which carry the vibrations the cochlea in the inner ear
Fluid vibrates cilia, which are attached to auditory nerves, send signals to brain

43
Q

Sensorineural deafness

A

Results from damage to neural structures (including hair cells) Single explosively loud noise or prolonged exposure to high-intensity sounds, degeneration of cochlear nerve, strokes, tumors in auditory cortex

44
Q

Conduction deafness

A

Occurs when something hampers sound conduction to the fluids of the internal ear
ex// compacted earwax, ruptured eardrum, middle ear inflammations

Bio 250 (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions