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Apex > Chemistry and Physics > Flashcards

Chemistry and Physics Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Complete transfer of valence electron, leaving one atom with a positive charge and the other with a negative charge

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2
Q

Which types of compounds tend to form ionic bonds?

A

Metals
Acids
Bases

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3
Q

Describe covalent bonds

A

Sharing of an electron between two atoms. Can be single or double bonded

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4
Q

Describe polar covalent bonds

A

The shared electron is held more closely by one atom than the other, creating a negative and a positive end (e.g. water)

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5
Q

What are van der Waal’s forces?

A

very weak intermolecular forces that hold similar molecules together

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6
Q

List the types of molecular bonds in order from strongest to weakest

A

Ionic > Covalent > H2 > VdW

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7
Q

Describe Dalton’s Law

A

Partial Pressures

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7
Q

What determines an atom’s atomic number?

A

The number of protons

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8
Q

Describe Henry’s Law

A

Solubility is directly proportional to partial pressure of that gas over the solution

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9
Q

What are the applications of Henry’s Law?

A

Overpressuring the vaporizer

Increasing the FiO2 to increase PaO2

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10
Q

Describe Fick’s Law

A

Diffusion through a tissue medium

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11
Q

What are the applications of Fick’s Law?

A

Cardiac output calculation

Placental drug transfer

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12
Q

What are the applications of Graham’s Law?

A

second gas effect

turbulence of gas flow through annular space is dependent on the gas’s density

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12
Q

Describe Graham’s Law

A

“Graham talks about grams”

the molecular weight of a gas determines how quickly it can diffuse through a membrane

Smaller molecules diffuse faster than larger molecules

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12
Q

Describe Boyle’s Law

A

Volume and Pressure and inversely proportional

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13
Q

What are applications of Boyle’s Law?

A

Pneumatic Bellows
the Diaphragm

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14
Q

What is Charles’ Law?

A

Temperature and Volume
are directly proportional

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15
Q

Describe Gay-Lussac’s Law

A

Temperature and Pressure
are directly proportional

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16
Q

What is the ideal gas law?

A

Combines Boyles/Charles/GL laws

PV = nRT

OR

P = T/V

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17
Q

Describe Ohm’s Law

A
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18
Q

Describe Poiseuille’s Law

A

modification of Ohm’s law that incorporates vessel length, diameter, and viscosity

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19
Q

Doubling the radius increases flow by:

A

16x

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20
Q

Tripling the radius increases flow by:

A

81x

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21
Q

What are applications of Poiseuille’s Law?

A

Anything relating:
Vessel size (Selecting a large bore IV)
Viscosity (Polycythemia decreases flow)
and diameter (Carotid stenosis reduces flow)

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22
Q

Laminar flow is dependent on:

A

gas viscosity (this is Poiseuille’s law)

23
Q

Turbulent flow is determined by:

A

gas density (this is Graham’s Law: the speed with which a gas moves is inversely related to its density)

Turbulent: Graham’s
Laminar: Pouiseille’s

24
Q

Gas flow through the ______ is laminar

A

terminal bronchioles

25
Q

Gas flow through the ______ is turbulent

A

Glottis
carina
Medium Bronchioles

26
Q

Laminar flow occurs with a Re of _________

A

< 2000

27
Q

Turbulent flow occurs with a Re of ________

A

> 4000

28
Q

Turbulent flow tends to be created by:

A

Change in orifice to a narrow diameter

High gas flow

Acute angle in the tube

Branching in the tube

29
Q

Why does heliox improve flow?

A

Turbulent flow (created during an asthma attack) is dependent on gas density. We use a lower density gas to increase laminar flow

30
Q

When is helium not helpful?

A

If flow is already laminar it won’t make any difference

31
Q

The venturi effect is an application of ______

A

The bernoulli principle

32
Q

Describe Bernoulli’s principle

A

If a fluid’s velocity is high, the pressure exerted on the walls will be low

If a fluid’s velocity is low, the pressure exerted on the walls will be high

33
Q

Describe the Venturi effect

A

As airflow in a tube moves past a point of constriction , the pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure, entraining more air

34
Q

What are clinical applications of the Venturi effect?

A

Jet ventilation
Venturi mask
nebulizers

35
Q

What is the Coanda effect?

A

Jet flow tends to attach itself to a nearby surface and flow along that surface, even after if curves away from the initial flow

36
Q

What is a clinical example of the coanda effect?

A

the wall-hugging jets that develop in mitral regurgitation

37
Q
A

Bernoulli

38
Q
A

Venturi

39
Q
A

Coanda

40
Q

Describe the inverse square law

A

The amount of radiation exposure is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the sources

41
Q

What are the three ways to limit exposure to radiation?

A

Distance
Duration
Shielding

42
Q

The minimum safe distance from a radiation source is:

A

6 feet

43
Q

What is a roentgen?

A

How we quantify exposure

44
Q

what is rem?

A

The roentgen equivalent in man

Relates the amount of exposure to the effective likely biological damage

45
Q

What is the yearly maximum radiation exposure for adults?

A

5 rem

46
Q

In a nonpregnant person which organs are most susceptible to damage from radiation?

A

The eye and the thyroid

47
Q

What is the latent heat of evaporation?

A

calories required to convert 1g of liquid to vapor WITHOUT a temperature change

48
Q

What is the boiling point?

A

temperature at which vapor pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure

49
Q

What is specific heat?

A

Amount of heat required to increase the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1 degree C

50
Q

What is critical temperature?

A

Highest temperature a gas can exist as a liquid

51
Q

How do you convert between Kelvin and Celsius?

A
52
Q

How do you convert Celsius to Fahrenheit?

A
53
Q

1 cm H20 = __ mmHg

A

0.74 mmHg

54
Q

1mmHg = ____ cmH2O

A

1.36 cm H2O

55
Q

1 atm =

A
56
Q

What is Avogadro’s number?

A

6.02 x 10 ^ 23

57
Q

What is the law of LaPlace in spheres and cylinders?

A

Apex (46 decks)

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