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Chemistry and Physics Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Complete transfer of valence electron, leaving one atom with a positive charge and the other with a negative charge

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2
Q

Which types of compounds tend to form ionic bonds?

A

Metals
Acids
Bases

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3
Q

Describe covalent bonds

A

Sharing of an electron between two atoms. Can be single or double bonded

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4
Q

Describe polar covalent bonds

A

The shared electron is held more closely by one atom than the other, creating a negative and a positive end (e.g. water)

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5
Q

What are van der Waal’s forces?

A

very weak intermolecular forces that hold similar molecules together

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6
Q

List the types of molecular bonds in order from strongest to weakest

A

Ionic > Covalent > H2 > VdW

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7
Q

Describe Dalton’s Law

A

Partial Pressures

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7
Q

What determines an atom’s atomic number?

A

The number of protons

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8
Q

Describe Henry’s Law

A

Solubility is directly proportional to partial pressure of that gas over the solution

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9
Q

What are the applications of Henry’s Law?

A

Overpressuring the vaporizer

Increasing the FiO2 to increase PaO2

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10
Q

Describe Fick’s Law

A

Diffusion through a tissue medium

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11
Q

What are the applications of Fick’s Law?

A

Cardiac output calculation

Placental drug transfer

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12
Q

What are the applications of Graham’s Law?

A

second gas effect

turbulence of gas flow through annular space is dependent on the gas’s density

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12
Q

Describe Graham’s Law

A

“Graham talks about grams”

the molecular weight of a gas determines how quickly it can diffuse through a membrane

Smaller molecules diffuse faster than larger molecules

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12
Q

Describe Boyle’s Law

A

Volume and Pressure and inversely proportional

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13
Q

What are applications of Boyle’s Law?

A

Pneumatic Bellows
the Diaphragm

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14
Q

What is Charles’ Law?

A

Temperature and Volume
are directly proportional

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15
Q

Describe Gay-Lussac’s Law

A

Temperature and Pressure
are directly proportional

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16
Q

What is the ideal gas law?

A

Combines Boyles/Charles/GL laws

PV = nRT

OR

P = T/V

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17
Q

Describe Ohm’s Law

A
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18
Q

Describe Poiseuille’s Law

A

modification of Ohm’s law that incorporates vessel length, diameter, and viscosity

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19
Q

Doubling the radius increases flow by:

A

16x

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20
Q

Tripling the radius increases flow by:

A

81x

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21
Q

What are applications of Poiseuille’s Law?

A

Anything relating:
Vessel size (Selecting a large bore IV)
Viscosity (Polycythemia decreases flow)
and diameter (Carotid stenosis reduces flow)

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22
Laminar flow is dependent on:
gas viscosity (this is Poiseuille's law)
23
Turbulent flow is determined by:
gas density (this is Graham's Law: the speed with which a gas moves is inversely related to its density) Turbulent: Graham's Laminar: Pouiseille's
24
Gas flow through the ______ is laminar
terminal bronchioles
25
Gas flow through the ______ is turbulent
Glottis carina Medium Bronchioles
26
Laminar flow occurs with a Re of _________
< 2000
27
Turbulent flow occurs with a Re of ________
> 4000
28
Turbulent flow tends to be created by:
Change in orifice to a narrow diameter High gas flow Acute angle in the tube Branching in the tube
29
Why does heliox improve flow?
Turbulent flow (created during an asthma attack) is dependent on gas density. We use a lower density gas to increase laminar flow
30
When is helium not helpful?
If flow is already laminar it won't make any difference
31
The venturi effect is an application of ______
The bernoulli principle
32
Describe Bernoulli's principle
If a fluid's velocity is high, the pressure exerted on the walls will be low If a fluid's velocity is low, the pressure exerted on the walls will be high
33
Describe the Venturi effect
As airflow in a tube moves past a point of constriction , the pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure, entraining more air
34
What are clinical applications of the Venturi effect?
Jet ventilation Venturi mask nebulizers
35
What is the Coanda effect?
Jet flow tends to attach itself to a nearby surface and flow along that surface, even after if curves away from the initial flow
36
What is a clinical example of the coanda effect?
the wall-hugging jets that develop in mitral regurgitation
37
Bernoulli
38
Venturi
39
Coanda
40
Describe the inverse square law
The amount of radiation exposure is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the sources
41
What are the three ways to limit exposure to radiation?
Distance Duration Shielding
42
The minimum safe distance from a radiation source is:
6 feet
43
What is a roentgen?
How we quantify exposure
44
what is rem?
The roentgen equivalent in man Relates the amount of exposure to the effective likely biological damage
45
What is the yearly maximum radiation exposure for adults?
5 rem
46
In a nonpregnant person which organs are most susceptible to damage from radiation?
The eye and the thyroid
47
What is the latent heat of evaporation?
calories required to convert 1g of liquid to vapor WITHOUT a temperature change
48
What is the boiling point?
temperature at which vapor pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure
49
What is specific heat?
Amount of heat required to increase the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1 degree C
50
What is critical temperature?
Highest temperature a gas can exist as a liquid
51
How do you convert between Kelvin and Celsius?
52
How do you convert Celsius to Fahrenheit?
53
1 cm H20 = __ mmHg
0.74 mmHg
54
1mmHg = ____ cmH2O
1.36 cm H2O
55
1 atm =
56
What is Avogadro's number?
6.02 x 10 ^ 23
57
What is the law of LaPlace in spheres and cylinders?

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