Cardiovascular Anatomy

Question 1

Describe Phase 0 of the cardiac cycle

Answer 1

Question 2

Describe Phase 1 of the cardiac cycle

Answer 2

Question 3

Describe Phase 2 of the cardiac cycle

Answer 3

Question 4

Describe Phase 3 of the cardiac cycle

Answer 4

Question 5

Describe Phase 4 of the cardiac cycle

Answer 5

Question 6

Which current is the primary determinant of SA node rate?

Answer 6

the funny current I-f

Question 7

The SA node action potential has three phases:

Answer 7

Question 8

What is “funny” about the funny current?

Answer 8

It’s activated by hyperpolarization, no depolarization

Question 9

We can increase the heart rate by altering one of three variables:

Answer 9

1. The slope of phase 4 increases
2. The threshold potential becomes more negative
3. The resting potential becomes less negative

Question 10

How does SNS stimulation effect heart rate?

Answer 10

Decreases the slope of phase 4 by increasing Na and Ca conductance

Question 11

How does PNS stimulation effect heart rate?

Answer 11

Increases the slope of phase 4 by increasing K conductance and lowering the resting membrane potential

Question 12

What is the calculation for CaO2?

Answer 12

Question 13

What is the calculation for DO2?

Answer 13

Question 14

What is a normal VO2?

Answer 14

Approx. 250ml/min
OR
3.5ml/kg/min

Question 15

How does vessel radius impact flow?

Answer 15

Question 16

How does Reynold’s Number correlate with flow?

Answer 16

Question 17

Flow through a vessel is described by which law?

Answer 17

Ohm’s Law

Flow= P. Gradient /Resistance

Question 18

How can you calculate the MAP from CO, CVP, and SVR

Answer 18

Question 19

How does the Law of Laplace apply to myocardial wall stress?

Answer 19

Question 20

What is diastasis?

Answer 20

The middle third of diastole

Question 21

What are the phases of the pressure volume cardiac loop?

Answer 21

Question 22

How is the degree of systolic dysfunction categorized?

Answer 22

Question 23

How does an increase in preload impact the PV loop?

Answer 23

Question 24

How does a decrease in preload impact the PV loop?

Answer 24

Question 25

How does an increase in inotropy impact the PV loop?

Answer 25

Question 26

How does a decrease in inotropy impact the PV loop?

Answer 26

Question 27

How does an increase in afterload impact the PV loop?

Answer 27

Question 28

How does a decrease in afterload impact the PV loop?

Answer 28

Question 29

Answer 29

Increase in preload

Question 30

Answer 30

Increased inotropy

Question 31

Answer 31

Increased afterload

Question 32

Answer 32

decreased afterload

Question 33

Answer 33

decreased contractility

Question 34

Answer 34

decreased preload

Question 35

What does the LAD perfuse?

Answer 35

Anterolateral and apical walls, anterior 2/3 of septal wall

Question 36

What does the circumflex perfuse?

Answer 36

L atrium, lateral and posterior walls of LV

Question 37

The Left Coronary divides into:

Answer 37

The LAD and CX

Question 38

What does the RCA perfuse?

Answer 38

RA, RV, intratrial septum, posterior 1/3 of the septum

Question 39

The SA and AV nodes are usually perfused by:

Answer 39

the RCA

Question 40

The purkinje fibers and bundles of His are usually perfused by:

Answer 40

The Left coronary artery

Question 41

Which vein runs parallel to the RCA?

Answer 41

Anterior cardiac vein

Question 42

Which vein runs parallel to the LAD?

Answer 42

Great cardiac vein

Question 43

Which vein runs parallel to the PDA?

Answer 43

Middle cardiac vein

Question 44

The thebesian veins drain:

Answer 44

directly into the ventricles

Question 45

Which leads correspond with the LAD?

Answer 45

Question 46

Which leads correspond with the RCA?

Answer 46

Question 47

Which leads correspond with the Cfx?

Answer 47

Question 48

What is the best TEE view to diagnose ventricular dysfunction?

Answer 48

midpapillary muscles in short axis

Question 49

What 2 pressures determine coronary perfusion pressure?

Answer 49

Aortic Diastolic - LVEDP

Question 50

Answer 50