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Apex > ANS A&P > Flashcards

ANS A&P Flashcards

1
Q

The peripheral nervous system consists of how many spinal nerve pairs?

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves

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2
Q

Another name for the ANS is the:

A

Visceral nervous system

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3
Q

What are the three divisions of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric

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4
Q

Alpha 2 receptors are found in three locations:

A

Presynaptic
Postsynaptic
Plateletes

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5
Q

Why does precedex cause a biphasic response?

A

Stimulation of A2 receptors in the vasculature causes hypertension
CNS depression (which kicks in later) leads to reduced sympathetic output

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6
Q

A2 receptor stimulation on platelets causes:

A

increased aggregation

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7
Q

Which enzyme metabolizes cAMP?

A

PDE3

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8
Q

PDE-3 inhibitors are also called:

A

inodilators

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9
Q

What effect does cAMP have in the myocardium?

A
  1. Increased intracellular calcium causes increased contractility
  2. Accelerates the return of calcium to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which accelerates relaxation (lusitropy)
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10
Q

What effect does cAMP have in the vasculature?

A

Inhibits myosin light chain kinase:

Vasodilation
Decreased SVR

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11
Q

What is the primary mechanism of NE removal from the synaptic cleft?

A

Reuptake

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12
Q

All sympathetic preganglionic nerves are __________ fibers

A

myelinated B fibers

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13
Q

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers exit the spinal cord via the _________

A

ventral rami

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14
Q

Once they exit the spinal cord, sympathetic fibers enter the sympathetic chain via the _________

A

White ramus (white because it’s myelinated)

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15
Q

Once inside the sympathetic chain, preganglionic nerve fibers can take three paths:

A
  1. Synapse at the same level they enter the chain
  2. Synapse at a different level than where they enter the chain
  3. Exit the chain without synapsing at all
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16
Q

All preganglionic B fibers release _______

A

Ach! They are all cholinergic!

17
Q

Why is autonomic innervation of the adrenal medulla unique?

A

It is innervated only by preganglionic nerve fibers. There’s no synapse until it gets to the chromaffin cells

18
Q

Name two nonselective alpha antagonists

A

Phenoxybenzamine
(non-competitive)

Phentolymine

19
Q

Name two alpha 1 selective antagonists

A

Doxazosin
Prazosin

20
Q

What antagonists should be given to someone with pheochromocytoma

A

A before B always!

21
Q

Which drugs should be avoided in the patient with pheochromocytoma?

A
  1. SNS activating drugs (des, ketamine, pancuronium)
  2. Ephedrine (nothing to recruit)
  3. Histamine releasing agents (SAM, morphine)
22
Q

What effect does SNS stimulation have on K levels?

A

Serum K will decrease, because epinephrine is stimulating B2 receptors

23
Q

How long does it take baroreceptors to reset and adapt to a change in BP?

A

1-2 days

24
Q

What drugs impair the baroreceptor reflex?

A
  1. Volatile anesthetics
  2. NE
  3. Propofol
  4. Beta Blockers
  5. Ca channel blockers
  6. ACE inhibitors
  7. PDE Inhibitors
25
Q

Activation of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex manifests as:

A

Bradycardia
Hypotension
Coronary Artery vasodilation

26
Q

What is the Bainbridge Reflex?

A

Tachycardia in response to increased volume return

27
Q

Cushing’s Triad consists of:

A

Increased ICP
Bradycardia
Hypertension

28
Q

All postganglionic nerve fibers are _______ fibers

A

C

29
Q

What is the post-to-pre ganglion ratio in the PNS?

A

Roughly 1:1

30
Q

What is the post-to-pre ganglion ration in the SNS?

A

Roughly 30:1

31
Q

Compare SNS and PNS postganglionic fibers

A

SNS are long
PNS are short

32
Q

Where are SNS ganglia located?

A

Near the spinal cord

33
Q

Where are PNS ganglia located?

A

Near the effected organ

34
Q

What vertebral level does the SNS arise from?

A

Thoracolumbar (T1-L3)

35
Q

What vertebral level does the PNS arise from?

A

Craniosacral:

CN 3,7,9,10
S2-S4

Apex (46 decks)

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