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Cell Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Which chemical messengers are amino acids?

A

The G’s:
Glycine
Glutamate
GABA

(And also aspartate)

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2
Q

Which chemical messengers are biogenic amines?

A

Dopamine
NE
Epi
Serotonin
Histamine

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3
Q

Which chemical messengers are choline esters?

A

Acetylcholine

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4
Q

Are T3 and T4 polar or nonpolar?

A

Polar. Hydrophilic.

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5
Q

Do hydrophilic chemical messengers cross the cell membrane?

A

Not on their own. They have to bind to cell surface receptors.

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6
Q

Which chemical messengers are nonpolar?

A

Lipophilic:
Steroids
Eicosanoids
Vit D/Retinoids

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7
Q

List three Eicosanoids

A

Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Thromboxanes

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8
Q

Do steroids cross the cell membrane?

A

Yes
They bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cells

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9
Q

Do Eicosanoids cross the cell membrane?

A

They usually bind to cell surface receptors

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10
Q

Dopamine, epi, and NE are derived from which amino acid?

A

Tyrosine

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11
Q

There are three components to all GPCRs:

A
  1. A plasma membrane receptor with seven transmembrane segments
  2. A G protein
  3. An effector (usually an enzyme) that generates an intracellular second messenger
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12
Q

Describe a GPCR in the inactive state

A

The alpha subunit is bound to GDP

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13
Q

Describe a GPCR in the active state

A

The alpha subunit releases GDP and binds to GTP

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14
Q

Name two contagious diseases that alter GPCRs

A

Cholera (inhibits GTPase activity in Gs subunits)
Pertussis (overactivation of Gs)

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15
Q

Which G protein subunit contains the intrinsic GTPase activity?

A

The alpha subunit

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16
Q

What are the three downstream effectors that GPCRs target?

A

Adenylyl Cyclase
Phospholipase C
Phospholipase A2

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17
Q

Which downstream effector leads to cAMP production?

A

Adenylyl Cyclase

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18
Q

Which downstream effector leads to IP3 and DAG?

A

Phospholipase C

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19
Q

Which downstream effectors leads to Eicosanoids?

A

Phospholipase A2

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20
Q

Effector enzymes always end in _____

A

ase

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21
Q

What is the function of Adenylyl Cyclase?

A

Gs: cAMP is increased
Gi: cAMP is decreased

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22
Q

What is the function of Phospholipase C?

A

Converts PIP2 into IP3 and DAG
IP3 increased intracellular Ca
DAG acts as a docking site for and activator of PKC

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23
Q

What is the function of Phospholipase A2?

A

Calcium dependent enzyme that liberates arachidonic acid from the cell membrane, allowing production of Eicosanoids

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24
Q

What is the effect of cAMP in myocytes?

A

increased contractility

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25
What is the effect of cAMP in smooth muscle?
causes relaxation and dilation
26
What is the effect of cAMP on platelets?
increased aggregation
27
_____ activates PKA
cAMP
28
______ activates PKC
DAG
29
______ causes ionized calcium release
IP3
30
What is the role of kinases?
They add a phosphate group to a substrate
31
There are two types of synapses:
1. Electrical 2. Chemical
32
At electrical synapses, cells are connected by _______
gap junctions
33
Receptors at chemical synapses are either ______ or _______
Ionotropic (ion channels) Metabotropic (GPCRs)
34
How wide is the synaptic cleft?
20-40 nm
35
In order for cellular excitation to occur, _______ influx or _____ efflux occurs
Sodium or calcium have to move into the cell OR the amount of K leaving the cell has to decrease
36
In order for cellular inhibition to occur, which ions must alter?
Either increased K efflux out of the cell OR increase CL influx OR closure of Ca channels
37
Muscarinic receptors are __________
M is for Metabotropic (GPCR)
38
Nicotinic receptors are __________
Ionotropic (ion gated)
39
Where does Ach act as a neurotransmitter?
1. Neuromuscular Junction 2. Autonomic Ganglia 3. Postganglionic PNS 4. Sweat glands
40
Where does Ach synthesis occur?
Presynaptic nerve terminals
41
What is the rate limiting factor in Ach production?
Choline and Acetyl CoA
42
Why does Mg cause muscle weakness?
It is an antagonist of Ca at the presynaptic terminal, meaning it inhibits ACh release
43
Where are Nicotinic M receptors found? How do they function?
M is for muscle They're found at the NMJ Increase Na influx
44
Where are nicotinic N receptors found?
Everywhere besides the NMJ
45
Which muscarinic receptors are Gi coupled?
All of the even ones (M2 and M4) Makes sense because they're both suppressive: M2 is cardiosuppressive, M4 suppresses presynaptic Ach release
46
Which muscarinic receptors are Gq coupled?
All of the odd ones (M1, M3, M5) All of them are IP3 + DAG Ca
47
What is glutamate?
The primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
48
What is GABA?
The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
49
What is glycine?
The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the SPINAL CORD and lower brainstem
50
There are three ionotropic glutamate recceptors:
NMDA AMPA Kainate
51
What must occur for an NMDA receptor to be activated?
2 glutamate 2 glycine AND a depolarizing voltage change
52
Where does ketamine bind to NMDA receptors?
53
What is excitotoxicity?
Neuronal injury from unchecked glutamate release or inhibition
54
Which GABA receptors are metabotropic?
GABA B
55
Which GABA receptors are ionotropic?
GABA A
56
What kind of receptors are GABA A receptors?
Ligand gated Cl channels
57
Degradation of NE and Epi is carried out by two enzymes:
MAO COMT
58
What is the end product of catecholamine degradation?
Vanillylmandelic Acid
59
Serotonin is synthesized from ________
tryptophan
60
Histamine is synthesized from ________
Hystadine
61
There is only one metabotropic amine neurotransmitter receptor:
5-HT3
62
How is pheochromocytoma detected?
By measure levels of vanillylmandelic acid in the urine
63
What is hydroxylation?
Addition of an -OH group
64
What is Carboxylation?
Removal of a CO2 group
65
Where is the largest concentration of dopamine receptors located?
Substantia Nigra
66
What are the main purine neurotransmitters?
ATP ADP Adenosine
67
What are the main roles of Adenosine?
1. Signals cell injury 2. Promotes sleep 3. Induces platelet aggregation
68
What is the largest family of enzyme-linked receptors?
Tyrosine Kinases
69
What are the characteristics of cellular necrosis?
Cells Swell Plasma Membranes Dissolve Adjacent tissues undergo inflammation
70
What are the characteristics of cellular apoptosis?
Cells shrink Plasma membranes remain intact No inflammation in adjacent tissues
71

Apex (46 decks)

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