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Apex > Cell Communication > Flashcards

Cell Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Which chemical messengers are amino acids?

A

The G’s:
Glycine
Glutamate
GABA

(And also aspartate)

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2
Q

Which chemical messengers are biogenic amines?

A

Dopamine
NE
Epi
Serotonin
Histamine

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3
Q

Which chemical messengers are choline esters?

A

Acetylcholine

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4
Q

Are T3 and T4 polar or nonpolar?

A

Polar. Hydrophilic.

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5
Q

Do hydrophilic chemical messengers cross the cell membrane?

A

Not on their own. They have to bind to cell surface receptors.

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6
Q

Which chemical messengers are nonpolar?

A

Lipophilic:
Steroids
Eicosanoids
Vit D/Retinoids

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7
Q

List three Eicosanoids

A

Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Thromboxanes

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8
Q

Do steroids cross the cell membrane?

A

Yes
They bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cells

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9
Q

Do Eicosanoids cross the cell membrane?

A

They usually bind to cell surface receptors

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10
Q

Dopamine, epi, and NE are derived from which amino acid?

A

Tyrosine

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11
Q

There are three components to all GPCRs:

A
  1. A plasma membrane receptor with seven transmembrane segments
  2. A G protein
  3. An effector (usually an enzyme) that generates an intracellular second messenger
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12
Q

Describe a GPCR in the inactive state

A

The alpha subunit is bound to GDP

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13
Q

Describe a GPCR in the active state

A

The alpha subunit releases GDP and binds to GTP

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14
Q

Name two contagious diseases that alter GPCRs

A

Cholera (inhibits GTPase activity in Gs subunits)
Pertussis (overactivation of Gs)

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15
Q

Which G protein subunit contains the intrinsic GTPase activity?

A

The alpha subunit

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16
Q

What are the three downstream effectors that GPCRs target?

A

Adenylyl Cyclase
Phospholipase C
Phospholipase A2

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17
Q

Which downstream effector leads to cAMP production?

A

Adenylyl Cyclase

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18
Q

Which downstream effector leads to IP3 and DAG?

A

Phospholipase C

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19
Q

Which downstream effectors leads to Eicosanoids?

A

Phospholipase A2

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20
Q

Effector enzymes always end in _____

A

ase

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21
Q

What is the function of Adenylyl Cyclase?

A

Gs: cAMP is increased
Gi: cAMP is decreased

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22
Q

What is the function of Phospholipase C?

A

Converts PIP2 into IP3 and DAG
IP3 increased intracellular Ca
DAG acts as a docking site for and activator of PKC

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23
Q

What is the function of Phospholipase A2?

A

Calcium dependent enzyme that liberates arachidonic acid from the cell membrane, allowing production of Eicosanoids

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24
Q

What is the effect of cAMP in myocytes?

A

increased contractility

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25
Q

What is the effect of cAMP in smooth muscle?

A

causes relaxation and dilation

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26
Q

What is the effect of cAMP on platelets?

A

increased aggregation

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27
Q

_____ activates PKA

A

cAMP

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28
Q

______ activates PKC

A

DAG

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29
Q

______ causes ionized calcium release

A

IP3

30
Q

What is the role of kinases?

A

They add a phosphate group to a substrate

31
Q

There are two types of synapses:

A
  1. Electrical
  2. Chemical
32
Q

At electrical synapses, cells are connected by _______

A

gap junctions

33
Q

Receptors at chemical synapses are either ______ or _______

A

Ionotropic (ion channels)
Metabotropic (GPCRs)

34
Q

How wide is the synaptic cleft?

A

20-40 nm

35
Q

In order for cellular excitation to occur, _______ influx or _____ efflux occurs

A

Sodium or calcium have to move into the cell
OR the amount of K leaving the cell has to decrease

36
Q

In order for cellular inhibition to occur, which ions must alter?

A

Either increased K efflux out of the cell
OR increase CL influx
OR closure of Ca channels

37
Q

Muscarinic receptors are __________

A

M is for Metabotropic (GPCR)

38
Q

Nicotinic receptors are __________

A

Ionotropic (ion gated)

39
Q

Where does Ach act as a neurotransmitter?

A
  1. Neuromuscular Junction
  2. Autonomic Ganglia
  3. Postganglionic PNS
  4. Sweat glands
40
Q

Where does Ach synthesis occur?

A

Presynaptic nerve terminals

41
Q

What is the rate limiting factor in Ach production?

A

Choline and Acetyl CoA

42
Q

Why does Mg cause muscle weakness?

A

It is an antagonist of Ca at the presynaptic terminal, meaning it inhibits ACh release

43
Q

Where are Nicotinic M receptors found? How do they function?

A

M is for muscle
They’re found at the NMJ

Increase Na influx

44
Q

Where are nicotinic N receptors found?

A

Everywhere besides the NMJ

45
Q

Which muscarinic receptors are Gi coupled?

A

All of the even ones (M2 and M4)

Makes sense because they’re both suppressive: M2 is cardiosuppressive, M4 suppresses presynaptic Ach release

46
Q

Which muscarinic receptors are Gq coupled?

A

All of the odd ones (M1, M3, M5)

All of them are IP3 + DAG Ca

47
Q

What is glutamate?

A

The primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

48
Q

What is GABA?

A

The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

49
Q

What is glycine?

A

The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the SPINAL CORD and lower brainstem

50
Q

There are three ionotropic glutamate recceptors:

A

NMDA
AMPA
Kainate

51
Q

What must occur for an NMDA receptor to be activated?

A

2 glutamate
2 glycine
AND
a depolarizing voltage change

52
Q

Where does ketamine bind to NMDA receptors?

A
53
Q

What is excitotoxicity?

A

Neuronal injury from unchecked glutamate release or inhibition

54
Q

Which GABA receptors are metabotropic?

A

GABA B

55
Q

Which GABA receptors are ionotropic?

A

GABA A

56
Q

What kind of receptors are GABA A receptors?

A

Ligand gated Cl channels

57
Q

Degradation of NE and Epi is carried out by two enzymes:

A

MAO
COMT

58
Q

What is the end product of catecholamine degradation?

A

Vanillylmandelic Acid

59
Q

Serotonin is synthesized from ________

A

tryptophan

60
Q

Histamine is synthesized from ________

A

Hystadine

61
Q

There is only one metabotropic amine neurotransmitter receptor:

A

5-HT3

62
Q

How is pheochromocytoma detected?

A

By measure levels of vanillylmandelic acid in the urine

63
Q

What is hydroxylation?

A

Addition of an -OH group

64
Q

What is Carboxylation?

A

Removal of a CO2 group

65
Q

Where is the largest concentration of dopamine receptors located?

A

Substantia Nigra

66
Q

What are the main purine neurotransmitters?

A

ATP
ADP
Adenosine

67
Q

What are the main roles of Adenosine?

A
  1. Signals cell injury
  2. Promotes sleep
  3. Induces platelet aggregation
68
Q

What is the largest family of enzyme-linked receptors?

A

Tyrosine Kinases

69
Q

What are the characteristics of cellular necrosis?

A

Cells Swell
Plasma Membranes Dissolve
Adjacent tissues undergo inflammation

70
Q

What are the characteristics of cellular apoptosis?

A

Cells shrink
Plasma membranes remain intact
No inflammation in adjacent tissues

71
Q
A

Apex (46 decks)

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