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Bio 116 > Chapters 52-53: Introduction to Ecology and Populations > Flashcards

Chapters 52-53: Introduction to Ecology and Populations Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

populations

A

groups of the individuals of the same species

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2
Q

communities

A

groups of populations

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3
Q

ecosystems

A

groups of communities

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4
Q

landscapes

A

groups of ecosystems

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5
Q

biosphere

A

the Earth

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6
Q

evolutionary time

A

populations change to adapt to their environments

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7
Q

ecological time

A

response of organisms, populations, etc. to their environments

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8
Q

organismal ecology

A

focuses on how the organism reacts to environment

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9
Q

population ecology

A

focuses on how and why populations changes over time

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10
Q

community ecology

A

focuses on interactions between species and their populations

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11
Q

ecosystem ecology

A

focuses on energy/nutrient flow between communities and their environment (emergent properties)

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12
Q

landscape ecology

A

focuses on changes in energy, nutrients, and organisms across ecosystems

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13
Q

global ecology

A

focuses on how components of the biosphere interact to influence global change

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14
Q

factors that determine distributions

A

dispersal, behavior, biotic, abiotic

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15
Q

biotic

A

other living things; predators, prey, pathogens, competitors, etc

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16
Q

abiotic

A

physical factors; temperature, light, water, etc.

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17
Q

dispersal

A

movement of individuals to new areas

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18
Q

habitat selection

A

may choose to avoid a livable habitat; psychological barrier

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19
Q

species distributions limited by other species

A

food, host, pollinator is missing; predator, parasite, competitor is present

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20
Q

abiotic factors (physiological tolerances)

A

temperature, water (limit or excess), sunlight, geology

21
Q

climate

A

long prevailing weather conditions

22
Q

broad climatic patterns

A

curved surface of earth, tilted axis, pattern of heating/evaporation, rotation of the earth

23
Q

local variations in climate

A

proximity to water, mountain effects (rain shadow), altitude and temperature, seasonality

24
Q

biomes

A

major habitat types, determined by both biotic and abiotic factors

25
Q

ecotones

A

areas of transition between biomes

26
Q

disturbance

A

leads to community variation, patchiness; e.g. fire, hurricanes

27
Q

aquatic biomes

A

freshwater, marine, pelagic (open water), benthic (bottom)

28
Q

photic v. aphotic

A

areas with and without light that allow photosynthesis to occur

29
Q

major abiotic drivers

A

precipitation and temperature

30
Q

biome overlap

A

overlapping characters may mean that averages do not indicate they type of biome present; disturbance is a major factor

31
Q

population features

A

conspecific individuals occurring in a particular area; same environment, resources, and interact/breed with each other

32
Q

gain individuals

A

births and immigration (arriving)

33
Q

lose individuals

A

deaths and emigration (leaving)

34
Q

characteristics to describe populations

A

density, dispersion, and demographics

35
Q

density

A

number of individuals per unit area

36
Q

mark-recapture method

A

method to estimate size/density of a population

37
Q

dispersion

A

pattern of spacing among individuals

38
Q

clumped

A

aggregated in patches; attracted to resources

39
Q

uniform

A

evenly spaced; repulsed by each other, as with territories

40
Q

random

A

independent of other individuals

41
Q

demographics

A

age and sex-structure of the population

42
Q

life table

A

age-specific summaries of survival in population; constructed by following a single cohort from birth to death

43
Q

cohort

A

the group of individuals all born together that are studied

44
Q

survivorship curve

A

number alive plotted v. each age; know type I, type II, type III

45
Q

life history

A

pattern of reproduction and survival

46
Q

reproductive table

A

fertility schedule; follow reproductive output of cohort

47
Q

iteroparity

A

repeated reproduction; multiple reproductive periods

48
Q

semelparity

A

all reproduction concentrated in a single effort

49
Q

trade-offs

A

can’t maximize all reproductive patterns at the same time; eg. more offspring means smaller offspring with less care

Bio 116 (24 decks)

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