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Bio 116 > Chapter 35: Vascular plant structure, growth and dev > Flashcards

Chapter 35: Vascular plant structure, growth and dev Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Levels of plant organization

A

cells, tissues, organs

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2
Q

organs

A

organization of tissues to perform function; reflects adaptations to draw nutrients

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3
Q

root system functions

A

anchor, absorb, store

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4
Q

root morphologies

A

taproot, fibrous root

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5
Q

root hair

A

increase surface area for absorption

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6
Q

adventitious roots

A

root tissue emanating from stems or leaves

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7
Q

function of shoots

A

reproduction and photosynthesis

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8
Q

primary growth

A

upward growth via apical bud

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9
Q

branch growth

A

formed by axillary buds

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10
Q

meristem cells

A

perpetually embryonic cells that are in apical and axillary buds

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11
Q

apical dominance

A

axillary bud growth inhibited by proximity of apical bud

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12
Q

rhizomes

A

modified stems; grow horizontally underground

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13
Q

stolons

A

modified stems; grow horizontally above ground

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14
Q

leaf purpose

A

main organ for photosynthesis; intercept light, exchange gases/heat; defend

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15
Q

leaf elements

A

blade and petiole

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16
Q

simple v. compound leaf

A

defined by axillary bud; compound leaf has many leaflets per axillary bud

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17
Q

tissue types

A

dermal, vascular, ground

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18
Q

dermal tissue system

A

external protective covering

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19
Q

herbaceous plant dermal tissue

A

epidermis with waxy cuticle

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20
Q

woody plant dermal tissue

A

periderm

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21
Q

vascular tissue system

A

internal transport between shoot and root systems

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22
Q

stele

A

arrangement of xylem and phloem

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23
Q

ground tissue system

A

tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular

24
Q

cortex

A

between dermal and vascular tissue

25
Q

pith

A

within vascular tissue

26
Q

parenchyma cells

A

thin primary walls; synthesize and store organic products. Can differentiate into other cells

27
Q

collenchyma cells

A

unevenly thickened primary walls; living support cells. Often around vascular cells

28
Q

sclerenchyma cells

A

rigid support cells; dead and made of hard lignin

29
Q

xylem cells

A

water conducting cells; lignified, dead support cells

30
Q

tracheids

A

long, narrow cells connected by ‘pits’

31
Q

vessels

A

shorter, wider cells; aligned into vessels separated by perforation plates

32
Q

phloem cells

A

sugar conducting, living cells

33
Q

sieve cells

A

long, narrow cells in seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms

34
Q

sieve tubes

A

sieve cells in angiosperms; more complex

35
Q

sieve plates

A

connect sieve tube elements

36
Q

companion cells

A

connected via plasmodesmata to sieve tube; provides nucleus that functions for both cells

37
Q

primary growth root structure

A

apical meristem located behind root cap

38
Q

zone of cell division

A

meristem and immediate derivatives

39
Q

zone of elongation

A

cells elongate, pushing root tip forward

40
Q

zone of differentiation

A

cells mature to specialized cell types

41
Q

pericycle

A

outermost layer of cells in stele

42
Q

lateral roots

A

originate from the pericycle; keeps vascular cylinders continuous

43
Q

apical bud meristem

A

shoot tip, surrounded by lear primordia

44
Q

axillary bud meristem

A

areas of meristem left behind by leaf primordia

45
Q

lateral stems

A

arise from axillary bud meristems

46
Q

secondary growth

A

caused by lateral meristems; horizontal growth in part of plant no longer undergoing primary growth

47
Q

periderm

A

outer layer of bark

48
Q

vascular cambium

A

cylinder of meristematic initials between xylem/pith and phloem/cortex

49
Q

cork cambium

A

2nd lateral meristem in the outer cortex of stems; generates cork cells, replaced by periderm

50
Q

bark

A

periderm and secondary phloem

51
Q

growth

A

cells elongate and divide

52
Q

morphogenesis

A

specific tissue and organs develop at specific places

53
Q

differentiation

A

cells change to specific specialized types

54
Q

polarity

A

position information; root to shoot axis

55
Q

position

A

position information relative to other cells

Bio 116 (24 decks)

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