Chapter 35: Vascular plant structure, growth and dev

Question 1

Levels of plant organization

Answer 1

cells, tissues, organs

Question 2

organs

Answer 2

organization of tissues to perform function; reflects adaptations to draw nutrients

Question 3

root system functions

Answer 3

anchor, absorb, store

Question 4

root morphologies

Answer 4

taproot, fibrous root

Question 5

root hair

Answer 5

increase surface area for absorption

Question 6

adventitious roots

Answer 6

root tissue emanating from stems or leaves

Question 7

function of shoots

Answer 7

reproduction and photosynthesis

Question 8

primary growth

Answer 8

upward growth via apical bud

Question 9

branch growth

Answer 9

formed by axillary buds

Question 10

meristem cells

Answer 10

perpetually embryonic cells that are in apical and axillary buds

Question 11

apical dominance

Answer 11

axillary bud growth inhibited by proximity of apical bud

Question 12

rhizomes

Answer 12

modified stems; grow horizontally underground

Question 13

stolons

Answer 13

modified stems; grow horizontally above ground

Question 14

leaf purpose

Answer 14

main organ for photosynthesis; intercept light, exchange gases/heat; defend

Question 15

leaf elements

Answer 15

blade and petiole

Question 16

simple v. compound leaf

Answer 16

defined by axillary bud; compound leaf has many leaflets per axillary bud

Question 17

tissue types

Answer 17

dermal, vascular, ground

Question 18

dermal tissue system

Answer 18

external protective covering

Question 19

herbaceous plant dermal tissue

Answer 19

epidermis with waxy cuticle

Question 20

woody plant dermal tissue

Answer 20

periderm

Question 21

vascular tissue system

Answer 21

internal transport between shoot and root systems

Question 22

stele

Answer 22

arrangement of xylem and phloem

Question 23

ground tissue system

Answer 23

tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular

Question 24

cortex

Answer 24

between dermal and vascular tissue

Question 25

pith

Answer 25

within vascular tissue

Question 26

parenchyma cells

Answer 26

thin primary walls; synthesize and store organic products. Can differentiate into other cells

Question 27

collenchyma cells

Answer 27

unevenly thickened primary walls; living support cells. Often around vascular cells

Question 28

sclerenchyma cells

Answer 28

rigid support cells; dead and made of hard lignin

Question 29

xylem cells

Answer 29

water conducting cells; lignified, dead support cells

Question 30

tracheids

Answer 30

long, narrow cells connected by 'pits'

Question 31

vessels

Answer 31

shorter, wider cells; aligned into vessels separated by perforation plates

Question 32

phloem cells

Answer 32

sugar conducting, living cells

Question 33

sieve cells

Answer 33

long, narrow cells in seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms

Question 34

sieve tubes

Answer 34

sieve cells in angiosperms; more complex

Question 35

sieve plates

Answer 35

connect sieve tube elements

Question 36

companion cells

Answer 36

connected via plasmodesmata to sieve tube; provides nucleus that functions for both cells

Question 37

primary growth root structure

Answer 37

apical meristem located behind root cap

Question 38

zone of cell division

Answer 38

meristem and immediate derivatives

Question 39

zone of elongation

Answer 39

cells elongate, pushing root tip forward

Question 40

zone of differentiation

Answer 40

cells mature to specialized cell types

Question 41

pericycle

Answer 41

outermost layer of cells in stele

Question 42

lateral roots

Answer 42

originate from the pericycle; keeps vascular cylinders continuous

Question 43

apical bud meristem

Answer 43

shoot tip, surrounded by lear primordia

Question 44

axillary bud meristem

Answer 44

areas of meristem left behind by leaf primordia

Question 45

lateral stems

Answer 45

arise from axillary bud meristems

Question 46

secondary growth

Answer 46

caused by lateral meristems; horizontal growth in part of plant no longer undergoing primary growth

Question 47

periderm

Answer 47

outer layer of bark

Question 48

vascular cambium

Answer 48

cylinder of meristematic initials between xylem/pith and phloem/cortex

Question 49

cork cambium

Answer 49

2nd lateral meristem in the outer cortex of stems; generates cork cells, replaced by periderm

Question 50

bark

Answer 50

periderm and secondary phloem

Question 51

growth

Answer 51

cells elongate and divide

Question 52

morphogenesis

Answer 52

specific tissue and organs develop at specific places

Question 53

differentiation

Answer 53

cells change to specific specialized types

Question 54

polarity

Answer 54

position information; root to shoot axis

Question 55

position

Answer 55

position information relative to other cells