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Bio 116 > Chapter 38: Angiosperm reproduction and biotechnology > Flashcards

Chapter 38: Angiosperm reproduction and biotechnology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

asexual reproduction

A

produces offspring from a single parent without the fusion of egg and sperm

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2
Q

clone

A

genetically identical offspring

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3
Q

fragmentation

A

severed parent plant leads to two individuals

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4
Q

adventitious shoots

A

form of asexual reproduction (aspen)

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5
Q

apomixis

A

seeds produced by mitosis without fertilization

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6
Q

advantages of asexual reproduction

A

doesn’t require another individual, no frail seedling, pass on exact genetic info

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7
Q

disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

pass on exact genetic info

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8
Q

selfing

A

sexual reproduction within a single plant; self-fertilization. Same disadvantages as asexual

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9
Q

dioecious

A

plants are one sex or the other

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10
Q

totipotent

A

meristematic cells that are able to divide and differentiate to form a new plant

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11
Q

callus

A

clump of totipotent cells

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12
Q

grafting

A

physically combining two plants

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13
Q

stock

A

plant that provides root

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14
Q

scion

A

plant grafted onto the scion

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15
Q

flowers

A

reproductive shoots of the angiosperm sporophyte

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16
Q

receptacle

A

where flowers attach to stem

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17
Q

sepals

A

outermost ring, usually green; sterile

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18
Q

petals

A

attract pollinators; sterile

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19
Q

stamens

A

male flower parts (microsporophyll); fertile

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20
Q

carpels

A

female flower parts (megasporophyll); fertile

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21
Q

anthers

A

part of stamen (on filaments) that contains microsporangia (pollen sacs) that produce pollen

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22
Q

stigma

A

sticky part of carpel that captures pollen

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23
Q

style

A

connects stigma to ovary

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24
Q

pistil

A

carpel or group of fused carpels

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25
Q

complete flower

A

all 4 floral organs

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26
Q

incomplete flower

A

<4 floral organs

27
Q

pollination

A

transfer of pollen from anthers to stigma; wind, water, animals

28
Q

pollination syndrome

A

characters developed by plants related to pollinators

29
Q

coevolution

A

joint evolution of two or more interacting species in response to selection imposed by each other; plants and pollinators

30
Q

pollen grain

A

(n) microspore divided into generative cell, tube cell, and spore wall

31
Q

microspore

A

(n) make pollen, derived from microsporocytes

32
Q

microsporocyte

A

(2n) each make 4 microspore

33
Q

microsporangia

A

pollen sacs; 4 per anther

34
Q

ovary

A

ovules with megasporangium

35
Q

megaspore

A

(n) of the 4 megaspores made by the megasporocyte, 1 survives; nucleus divides 3x creating 8 nuclei

36
Q

megasporocyte

A

(2n) makes 4 megapores

37
Q

8 nuclei of megaspore

A

3: micropyle- egg + 2 synergids
3: antipodal cells- other end of the ovule from micropyle
2: polar nuclei (without membrane)

38
Q

double fertilization

A

pollen grain contacts stigma, tube cell forms a pollen tubes that grows down the style. generative cell divides into two sperm: 1 fertilizes the egg (zygote 2n), 1 fertilizes the polar nuclei (endosperm 3n)

39
Q

benefit of double fertilization to parent

A

doesn’t have to waste nutrients on unfertilized eggs

40
Q

benefit of double fertilization to seed

A

provides endosperm of nutrients

41
Q

embryonic development

A

occurs in the seed; zygote becomes embryo, asymmetrical division of basal cell and terminal cell: larger basal cell becomes suspensor and smaller terminal cell becomes proembryo, cotyledons develop

42
Q

hypotcotyl

A

eudicot cotyledon; lower part connects to radicle (embryonic root)

43
Q

epicotyl

A

eudicot cotyledon; upper part, immature roots (embryonic shoot)

44
Q

scutellum

A

cotyledon of monocots

45
Q

coleoptile

A

sheath surrounding embryonic shoot of monocot

46
Q

coleorhiza

A

protects embryonic root of monocots

47
Q

last stage of seed development

A

seed ejects most of its water and closes the micropyle, allowing it to remain dormant until ideal conditions

48
Q

imbibition

A

uptake of water that begins germination; expansion causes seed coat to rupture

49
Q

eudicot germination

A

radical emerges first, followed by the hypocotyl, then epicotyl

50
Q

monocot germination

A

coleoptile protects shoot and leads the way up

51
Q

fruit development

A

simultaneous with seed; triggered by double fertilization

52
Q

pericarp

A

developed ovary wall

53
Q

simple fruit

A

single carpel

54
Q

aggregate frut

A

multiple carpels of one flower

55
Q

multiple fruit

A

multiple flowers

56
Q

accessory fruit

A

other flower parts incorporated into fruit

57
Q

abiotic dispersal

A

wind and water

58
Q

biotic dispersal

A

animals

59
Q

crossbreeding

A

favorable traits crossed between wild type and domestic variety

60
Q

GMO

A

genetically modified organisms; natural or intentional

61
Q

CRISPR

A

technology used to directly transfer genes of plants

62
Q

biofortification

A

improve the nutritional quality of plants

63
Q

biofuel

A

fuels derived from living biomass

Bio 116 (24 decks)

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