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Bio 116 > Chapter 46: Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 46: Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

asexual reproduction

A

new individuals w/out sex; cloning

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2
Q

sexual reproduction

A

fusion of haploid gametes to form diploid zygote

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3
Q

internal fertilization

A

gametes meet in female reproductive tract

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4
Q

external fertilization

A

gametes meet outside body; can only take place in aquatic environments

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5
Q

fission

A

one individual splits into two of similar size

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6
Q

budding

A

one individual splits into two of similar size

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7
Q

fragmentation

A

breakage, followed by regeneration

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8
Q

parthenogenesis

A

offspring develop from unfertilized eggs

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9
Q

asexual reproduction benefits and losses

A

benefits: favored in stable environments
losses: not as adaptable to changing environments

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10
Q

hermaphrodites

A

species have both male and female gonads

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11
Q

gonochoristic

A

male and female species have different gonads

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12
Q

spawning

A

both sperm and eggs released to water

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13
Q

benefits of internal fertilization

A

prevents gametes from drying out; allows for terrestrial reproduction

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14
Q

gametogenesis

A

production of gametes

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15
Q

oogenesis

A

production of female gametes (ovum)

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16
Q

spermatogenesis

A

production of male gametes (sperm)

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17
Q

differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis

A
  1. number of gametes formed by meiosis
  2. timing of meiotic divisions
  3. pace of meiotic divisions
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18
Q

penis

A

male sex organ; urethra and erectile tissue

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19
Q

baculum

A

bone to maintain rigidity in the penis of some mammals

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20
Q

scrotum

A

contains testes outside of the body (lower temp)

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21
Q

testes

A

composed of highly coiled seminiferous tubules

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22
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

produce sperm

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23
Q

epididymis

A

highly coiled tube where sperm mature

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24
Q

ejaculation

A

process of getting sperm from the inside to the outside

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25
Q

path of sperm to outside the body

A

epididymis to muscular vas deferens to ejaculatory duct to urethra

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26
Q

semen

A

sperm mixed with the products from seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands

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27
Q

steps of spermatogonium

A

diploid stem cells within testes to primary spermatocytes (2n) to secondary spermatocytes (n x 2) to spermatids (n x 4) to sperm cells (n x 4)

28
Q

GnRH

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone; released from hypothalamus. stimulates pituarty to release LH and FSH

29
Q

FSH

A

follicle-stimulating hormone from pituitary; tropic hormone

30
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone from pituitary gland; tropic hormone

31
Q

androgens

A

produced in male gonads like testosterone

32
Q

estrogens

A

produced in female gonads, like estradiol and progesterone

33
Q

hormonal control of spermatogenesis

A

GnRH leads to release of FSH and LH; FSH acts on sertoli cells to nourish developing sperm, LH acts on leydig cells to promote spermatogenesis

34
Q

ovaries

A

female gonads; where ovum are produced

35
Q

oocytes

A

partially developed eggs; 1-2 million follicles at birth but only about 500 mature

36
Q

ovulation

A

release of ovum

37
Q

corpus luteum

A

follicle becomes corpus luteum after ovulation; degrades without fertilization

38
Q

oviducts

A

fallopian tubes, leads to uterus

39
Q

uterus

A

womb; where egg implants after fertilization

40
Q

endometrium

A

lining of uterus; many blood vessels to support developing fetus

41
Q

vagina

A

muscular elastic chamber opens to the outside at the vulva

42
Q

vulva

A

female external genitalia

43
Q

labia majora

A

enclose the rest of vulva

44
Q

labia minora

A

enclose cavity with vaginal opening and urethra

45
Q

clitoris

A

located at top of labia minora, consists of erectile tissue

46
Q

steps of oogenesis

A

oogonium (diploid stem cell) to primary oocyte (2n) to secondary oocyte (n + polar body) to fertilized egg (2n + polar body

47
Q

fertilized egg

A

ovulation + sperm develops into 2n zygote

48
Q

ovarian cycle

A

about 28 days, produces ovum. under control of same hormones as spermatogenesis

49
Q

follicular phase (ovarian cycle)

A

growing follicle secretes increased estradiol

50
Q

ovulation

A

maturing follicle ruptures and released secondary oocyte

51
Q

luteal phase

A

follows ovulation; LH stimulates development of corpus luteum, secretion of estradiol and progesterone

52
Q

menstrual cycle

A

prepares the uterus to support a fetus

53
Q

proliferative phase of menstrual cycle

A

estradiol from follicles causes endometrium to thicken

54
Q

secretory phase

A

after ovulation, estrogens stimulate development of uterine lining, including arteries and glands

55
Q

menstrual flow phase

A

corpus luteum disintegrates, hormone levels drop and endometrium degrades, releasing blood

56
Q

menopause

A

ovarian and uterine cycles end

57
Q

24 hours past fertilization

A

first cleavage

58
Q

2-3 days past fertilization

A

zygote reaches uterus

59
Q

1 week past fertilization

A

blastocyst implants in endometrium

60
Q

2-3 weeks past fertilization

A

embryo gets nutrients directly from endometrium

61
Q

hCG

A

embryo produces hCG, can be detected in mother’s urine

62
Q

pregnancy

A

one or more embryos in the uterus

63
Q

placenta

A

forms from embryonic and maternal tissue; blood vessels from both exchange nutrients, gases, wastes, etc.

64
Q

organogenesis

A

formation of organs; after 8 weeks of organogenesis embryo termed a fetus

65
Q

labor

A

childbirth; led from interactions between estradiol, oxytocin and prostaglandins; dilation of the cervix and contractions of the uterus

Bio 116 (24 decks)

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