Chapter 40: Animal anatomy and physiology

Question 1

physiology

Answer 1

biological function; how things work

Question 2

surface area to volume ratio

Answer 2

constrains the size, exchange of resources, and energy; greater size=smaller SA:vol

Question 3

increase in cell number implications

Answer 3

requires an increase in complexity

Question 4

interstitial fluid

Answer 4

fluid around cells linked to exchange surfaces by other fluids

Question 5

hierarchical organization of animal bodies

Answer 5

tissue, organs, organ systems

Question 6

4 major tissue types

Answer 6

epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous

Question 7

epithelial tissue

Answer 7

closely packed cells lining surfaces; barrier against injury, infection, dehydration

Question 8

cells forms of epithelial tissue

Answer 8

1. simple squamous: thin and leaky; diffusion surfaces
2. columnar: tight cell-cell junctions; line intestines
3. stratified squamous: layers of cells; outer sloughed off as new cells arise; line abraded surfaces
4. cuboidal: built for secretion; glands, kidneys

Question 9

connective tissue

Answer 9

bind and support other tissues of the bond

Question 10

composition of connective tissue fibers

Answer 10

proteins: collagen and/or elastin

Question 11

major types of connective tissue

Answer 11

1. loose connective tissue
2. cartilage
3. fibrous connective tissue
4. adipose tissue
5. blood
6. bone

Question 12

nervous tissue

Answer 12

convert external stimuli to electronic impulses, conduct impulses

Question 13

neurons

Answer 13

have long extensions (axons) to action potentials

Question 14

glia

Answer 14

associated cells that protect and nourish neurons

Question 15

muscle tissue

Answer 15

contractile cells with actin and myosin filaments; most abundant, uses most energy

Question 16

types of muscle tissue

Answer 16

1. skeletal: voluntary movements; striated
2. smooth: involuntary movements; non striated
3. cardiac: involuntary heartbeats; striated

Question 17

nervous system

Answer 17

sends point-to-point messages, short duration

Question 18

endocrine system

Answer 18

broadcast message, tissues respond; longer duration

Question 19

homeostasis

Answer 19

relatively constant internal environment

Question 20

negative feedback loops

Answer 20

used to regulate; response attenuates stimulus (like thermostat)

Question 21

set point

Answer 21

normal range; deviation leads to correction

Question 22

sensor

Answer 22

senses stimulus and leads to a response

Question 23

hypothalamus

Answer 23

body’s ‘thermostat’; leads to physiological changes

Question 24

mechanisms for thermoregulation

Answer 24

radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation

Question 25

insulation

Answer 25

fur, feathers, fat, etc.

Question 26

circulatory adaptations for thermoregulation

Answer 26

vasodilation: increase blood flow, increase heat exchange vasoconstriction: decreases blood flow, decrease heat exchange concurrent exchange: reduce heat loss; cooled blood of extremities flows back past warm arteries

Question 27

evaporative heat loss

Answer 27

heat carried away by water vapor

Question 28

acclimization

Answer 28

changing anatomy/physiology to better suit environment (reversible), ie. added insulation in the winter

Question 29

ectotherms

Answer 29

control body temperature behaviorally; non-bird reptiles and amphibians

Question 30

endotherms

Answer 30

lose heat to their environment; warmer than the air

Question 31

thermogenesis

Answer 31

make more heat thru muscle contraction (shivering)

Question 32

bioenergetics

Answer 32

how animals allocate energy for different functions

Question 33

heterotrophs

Answer 33

energy comes from food

Question 34

metabolic rate

Answer 34

amount of energy used per unit time

Question 35

basal metabolic rate

Answer 35

minimum metabolic rate

Question 36

effect of size on metabolic rate

Answer 36

larger animals have more mass and use more energy, but small animals require more energy per mass than large animals

Question 37

torpor

Answer 37

physiological state of very low metabolic rates

Question 38

hibernation

Answer 38

long-term torpor during winter cold

Question 39

estivation

Answer 39

summer torpor to survive high temps and low water