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Bio 116 > Chapter 41: Animal nutrition > Flashcards

Chapter 41: Animal nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

herbivores

A

eat plants/algae

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2
Q

carnivores

A

eat other animals

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3
Q

omnivores

A

eat both other animals and plants/algae

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4
Q

ingestion

A

eating/ putting food in your mouth

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5
Q

digestion

A

break down food to usable molecule

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6
Q

enzymatic hydrolysis

A

digestive enzymes break chemical bonds; produce water and monomers

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7
Q

absorption

A

cells take up digestive products

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8
Q

elimination

A

removal of unassimilated waste

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9
Q

bulk feeders

A

eat large pieces of food

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10
Q

fluid feeders

A

eat other organisms’ body fluid

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11
Q

filter feeders

A

filter particles from water

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12
Q

substrate feeders

A

live in/on their food

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13
Q

intracellular digestion

A

phagocytosis captures small food particles in a vacuole; digested within cell

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14
Q

gastrovascular cavity

A

functions for digestion and circulation

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15
Q

extracellular digestion

A

gastrodermis secretes enzymes

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16
Q

alimentary canal

A

complete, one-way gut; efficient sequential food processing

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17
Q

digestive system

A

sequential arrangement of specialized segments and accessory glands

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18
Q

peristalsis

A

waves of smooth muscle contraction that move food along

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19
Q

sphincters

A

muscular closures that isolate some segments of the digestive tract

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20
Q

mouth

A

oral cavity; mechanical digestion by chewing

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21
Q

salivary glands

A

stimulated by presence of food; amylase and mucin

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22
Q

amylase

A

enzyme that hydrolyzes starch and glycogen

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23
Q

tongue

A

determines food from not-food; processes and manipulates food to create bolus and move it back for swallowing

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24
Q

pharynx

A

opens to 2 passages: trachea and esophagus

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25
Q

epiglottis

A

cartilage flap that closes trachea during swallowing

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26
Q

esophagus

A

connects the oral cavity to the stomach

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27
Q

striated muscle (ingestion)

A

upper part of esophagus; voluntary swallowing

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28
Q

smooth muscle (ingestion)

A

lower part of esophagus; involuntary peristalsis

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29
Q

primary roles of the stomach

A

store food and continue digestion

30
Q

gastric juices (chyme)

A

facilitates chemical digestion; made up of HCl (denatures proteins) and pepsin (protease, breaks peptide bonds)

31
Q

parietal cells

A

secrete H+ and Cl- separately

32
Q

chief cells

A

secrete pepsinogen (inactive pepsin)

33
Q

mucus

A

protects the stomach lining

34
Q

gastric ulcers

A

acid damage to stomach lining caused by bacteria

35
Q

mechanical digestion (stomach)

A

muscle contractions mix chyme

36
Q

bolus

A

ball of food that moves through the esophagus

37
Q

small intestine

A

functions in both digestion and absorption; 6m long

38
Q

duodenum

A

receives secretions from pancreas, liver, and gall bladder

39
Q

pancreas

A

neutralizes acidic chyme, secretes proteases, amylases and nucleases

40
Q

liver

A

produces bile

41
Q

gall bladder

A

stores bile for lipid digestion

42
Q

jejunum and ileum

A

sites of absorption in small intestine

43
Q

villi and microvilli

A

folds of small intestine that increase surface area

44
Q

large intestine

A

colon + cecum + rectum; recovers water

45
Q

feces

A

wastes of digestion system

46
Q

colon

A

water re-absorption

47
Q

e. coli

A

mutualistic bacteria; 1/3 of dry weight of feces

48
Q

rectum

A

last section of colon before anus

49
Q

digestion of carbohydrates

A

begins in the mouth

50
Q

digestion of protein

A

broken down in stomach; turned into amino acids in the lumen of small intestine

51
Q

nucleic acid digestion

A

lumen of small intestine

52
Q

fat digestion

A

lumen of small intestine (bile)

53
Q

gut length adaptations

A

herbivores have longer digestive tracts; plant material is harder to digest

54
Q

carnivore teeth adaptations

A

better developed incisors and canines

55
Q

herbivore teeth adaptations

A

broad molars for grinding

56
Q

omnivore teeth adaptations

A

unspecialized teeth

57
Q

cellulase

A

enzyme that breaks down cellulose; most animals lack

58
Q

gut mutualism

A

microbes that assist digestion

59
Q

ruminants

A

elaborate anatomical adaptations to help break down grass in cows, sheep, etc

60
Q

vestimentiferans

A

deep sea annelids that lack gut; have mutualistic chemoautotrophic bacteria

61
Q

homeostatic balance of nutrients

A

glycogen hydrolyzed when more energy is need; glycogen stored in liver when intake exceeds need

62
Q

essential nutrients

A

whatever animals can’t synthesize

63
Q

essential amino acids

A

vary from species to species; humans have 8 (can’t make)

64
Q

complete proteins

A

animal proteins, all essential amino acids

65
Q

incomplete proteins

A

plant proteins; <8 essential amino acids

66
Q

essential fatty acids

A

unsaturated fatty acids that can’t be synthesized

67
Q

vitamins

68
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

B complex, C

69
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

70
Q

minerals

A

any inorganic elements needed for skeleton/physiology/osmotic balance

71
Q

undernourishment

A

shortage of food energy

72
Q

malnourishment

A

shortage of 1 or more essential nutrients

Bio 116 (24 decks)

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