Chapter 41: Animal nutrition

Question 1

herbivores

Answer 1

eat plants/algae

Question 2

carnivores

Answer 2

eat other animals

Question 3

omnivores

Answer 3

eat both other animals and plants/algae

Question 4

ingestion

Answer 4

eating/ putting food in your mouth

Question 5

digestion

Answer 5

break down food to usable molecule

Question 6

enzymatic hydrolysis

Answer 6

digestive enzymes break chemical bonds; produce water and monomers

Question 7

absorption

Answer 7

cells take up digestive products

Question 8

elimination

Answer 8

removal of unassimilated waste

Question 9

bulk feeders

Answer 9

eat large pieces of food

Question 10

fluid feeders

Answer 10

eat other organisms’ body fluid

Question 11

filter feeders

Answer 11

filter particles from water

Question 12

substrate feeders

Answer 12

live in/on their food

Question 13

intracellular digestion

Answer 13

phagocytosis captures small food particles in a vacuole; digested within cell

Question 14

gastrovascular cavity

Answer 14

functions for digestion and circulation

Question 15

extracellular digestion

Answer 15

gastrodermis secretes enzymes

Question 16

alimentary canal

Answer 16

complete, one-way gut; efficient sequential food processing

Question 17

digestive system

Answer 17

sequential arrangement of specialized segments and accessory glands

Question 18

peristalsis

Answer 18

waves of smooth muscle contraction that move food along

Question 19

sphincters

Answer 19

muscular closures that isolate some segments of the digestive tract

Question 20

mouth

Answer 20

oral cavity; mechanical digestion by chewing

Question 21

salivary glands

Answer 21

stimulated by presence of food; amylase and mucin

Question 22

amylase

Answer 22

enzyme that hydrolyzes starch and glycogen

Question 23

tongue

Answer 23

determines food from not-food; processes and manipulates food to create bolus and move it back for swallowing

Question 24

pharynx

Answer 24

opens to 2 passages: trachea and esophagus

Question 25

epiglottis

Answer 25

cartilage flap that closes trachea during swallowing

Question 26

esophagus

Answer 26

connects the oral cavity to the stomach

Question 27

striated muscle (ingestion)

Answer 27

upper part of esophagus; voluntary swallowing

Question 28

smooth muscle (ingestion)

Answer 28

lower part of esophagus; involuntary peristalsis

Question 29

primary roles of the stomach

Answer 29

store food and continue digestion

Question 30

gastric juices (chyme)

Answer 30

facilitates chemical digestion; made up of HCl (denatures proteins) and pepsin (protease, breaks peptide bonds)

Question 31

parietal cells

Answer 31

secrete H+ and Cl- separately

Question 32

chief cells

Answer 32

secrete pepsinogen (inactive pepsin)

Question 33

mucus

Answer 33

protects the stomach lining

Question 34

gastric ulcers

Answer 34

acid damage to stomach lining caused by bacteria

Question 35

mechanical digestion (stomach)

Answer 35

muscle contractions mix chyme

Question 36

bolus

Answer 36

ball of food that moves through the esophagus

Question 37

small intestine

Answer 37

functions in both digestion and absorption; 6m long

Question 38

duodenum

Answer 38

receives secretions from pancreas, liver, and gall bladder

Question 39

pancreas

Answer 39

neutralizes acidic chyme, secretes proteases, amylases and nucleases

Question 40

liver

Answer 40

produces bile

Question 41

gall bladder

Answer 41

stores bile for lipid digestion

Question 42

jejunum and ileum

Answer 42

sites of absorption in small intestine

Question 43

villi and microvilli

Answer 43

folds of small intestine that increase surface area

Question 44

large intestine

Answer 44

colon + cecum + rectum; recovers water

Question 45

feces

Answer 45

wastes of digestion system

Question 46

colon

Answer 46

water re-absorption

Question 47

e. coli

Answer 47

mutualistic bacteria; 1/3 of dry weight of feces

Question 48

rectum

Answer 48

last section of colon before anus

Question 49

digestion of carbohydrates

Answer 49

begins in the mouth

Question 50

digestion of protein

Answer 50

broken down in stomach; turned into amino acids in the lumen of small intestine

Question 51

nucleic acid digestion

Answer 51

lumen of small intestine

Question 52

fat digestion

Answer 52

lumen of small intestine (bile)

Question 53

gut length adaptations

Answer 53

herbivores have longer digestive tracts; plant material is harder to digest

Question 54

carnivore teeth adaptations

Answer 54

better developed incisors and canines

Question 55

herbivore teeth adaptations

Answer 55

broad molars for grinding

Question 56

omnivore teeth adaptations

Answer 56

unspecialized teeth

Question 57

cellulase

Answer 57

enzyme that breaks down cellulose; most animals lack

Question 58

gut mutualism

Answer 58

microbes that assist digestion

Question 59

ruminants

Answer 59

elaborate anatomical adaptations to help break down grass in cows, sheep, etc

Question 60

vestimentiferans

Answer 60

deep sea annelids that lack gut; have mutualistic chemoautotrophic bacteria

Question 61

homeostatic balance of nutrients

Answer 61

glycogen hydrolyzed when more energy is need; glycogen stored in liver when intake exceeds need

Question 62

essential nutrients

Answer 62

whatever animals can't synthesize

Question 63

essential amino acids

Answer 63

vary from species to species; humans have 8 (can't make)

Question 64

complete proteins

Answer 64

animal proteins, all essential amino acids

Question 65

incomplete proteins

Answer 65

plant proteins; <8 essential amino acids

Question 66

essential fatty acids

Answer 66

unsaturated fatty acids that can't be synthesized

Question 67

vitamins

Answer 67

cofactors

Question 68

water soluble vitamins

Answer 68

B complex, C

Question 69

fat soluble vitamins

Answer 69

A, D, E, K

Question 70

minerals

Answer 70

any inorganic elements needed for skeleton/physiology/osmotic balance

Question 71

undernourishment

Answer 71

shortage of food energy

Question 72

malnourishment

Answer 72

shortage of 1 or more essential nutrients