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Bio 116 > Chapter 43: Immune System > Flashcards

Chapter 43: Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogens

A

foreign invaders that try to co-opt organismal resources; cause disease

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2
Q

immune system

A

necessary to avoid/limit infection

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3
Q

innate immunity

A

active all the time, non-specific. Found in all animals and plants

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4
Q

acquired immunity

A

adaptive immunity; enhanced by previous infection, highly specific. Found in vertebrates

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5
Q

barrier defenses

A

skin, mucous membranes, secretions

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6
Q

Internal defenses

A

phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory response

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7
Q

humoral response

A

antibodies defend against infection in body fluids

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8
Q

cell-mediated response

A

cytotoxic cells defend against infection in body cells

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9
Q

innate immunity in insects

A

barrier: waxy chitin exoskeleton
low pH and lysozyme: digest microbes in gut
hemocytes in hemolymph: phagocytosis and various chemical protections
antimicrobial peptides: disrupt pathogen plasma membrane

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10
Q

innate immunity in vertebrates

A

barrier: skin epithelium, mucus coverings over exchange surfaces
lysozyme in saliva, mucus, teats, etc.
sweat lowers skin pH, low stomach pH
toll-like receptors

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11
Q

Toll-like receptor (TLR)

A

receptors that recognize pathogen bits

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12
Q

macrophages

A

white blood cell; phagocytosis engulf and digest microbes

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13
Q

interferons

A

antimicrobial peptide; produced by cells infected by viruses, signal other cells to produce anti-viral compounds

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13
Q

complement system

A

antimicrobial peptide; activated by microbial substances, leads to bursting of cells

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13
Q

lymphatic system

A

organs to trap foreign particles; tonsils, spleen, appendix

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14
Q

inflammatory response

A

release of signaling molecules following infection/injury; causes warmth, swelling, formation of pus

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15
Q

mast cells

A

release histamine; causes vessels to dilate, become more permeable

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16
Q

pyrogens

A

part of systemic inflammatory response; causes localized increase in temperature

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17
Q

natural killer cells

A

can recognize and destroy diseased cells; look for cells that do not produce class I MHC surface proteins and kill them

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18
Q

lymphocytes

A

white blood cells; have an enhanced response to infections the body has previously encountered (immunological memory)

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19
Q

B-cells

A

type of lymphocyte; mature in bone marrow. secrete soluble receptors (antibodies) that bind to foreign molecules

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20
Q

T-cells

A

type of lymphocyte; move from bone to the thymus. detect and kill infected cells or help activate other lymphocytes

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21
Q

immunological memory

A

lymphocytes activate by binding to specific foreign molecule as a response to infections previously encountered

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22
Q

antibodies

A

soluble antigen receptors from b-cells

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23
Q

antigens

A

foreign molecules recognized by lymphocytes; small molecules, parts of large molecules; may be on the surface of pathogens

24
Q

antigen receptors

A

receptors in plasma membrane of T & B lymphocytes

25
Q

plasma cells

A

some B lymphocytes that produce soluble antigen receptors (antibodies)

26
Q

epitope

A

small part of antigen that is recognized by antigen receptor

27
Q

b-cell antigen receptor structure

A

Y- shaped, two identical heavy chains, 2 identical light changs. each chain has constant (C) and variable (V) regions

28
Q

T-cell receptor structure

A

alpha and beta chains, constant (C) and variable (V) regions but with 1 antigen binding site

29
Q

MHC

A

major histocompatibility complex; make proteins that present antigens on cell surface

30
Q

Class I MHC

A

in almost all cells; bind foreign peptides synthesized in cell, recognized by cytotoxic T cells

31
Q

Class II MHC

A

in macrophages, B cells, etc (antigen presenting cells), bind foreign fragments acquired through phagocytosis; recognized by helper T cells

32
Q

light chain

A

composed of 3 regions: variable, joining, constant

33
Q

recombinase

A

enzyme randomly links a variable to a joining region, increasing variability/options

34
Q

heavy chain

A

similar to a light chain, but with even more options; variable, joining, and constant regions

35
Q

self tolerance

A

the self-reactivity of a lymphocyte

36
Q

clonal selection

A

division of B cells into many memory b cells and plasma cells

37
Q

effector cells

A

type of daughter cell; short lived, attack antigen/pathogen

38
Q

memory cells

A

type of daughter cell; long lived, with same antigen receptor

39
Q

humoral immune response

A

activation and clonal selection of effector B cells; secrete antibodies that circulate in blood and lymph

40
Q

primary immune response

A

first exposure; production of plasma cells and memory cells which leads to immunological memory

41
Q

secondary immune response

A

second exposure; faster response, relies on increased numbers after first exposure

42
Q

helper T-cells

A

enhance humoral and cell-mediated responses; stimulates B cells and cytotoxic T cells

43
Q

cytotoxic T-cells

A

effector T cells; secretes proteins that rupture cell membrane

44
Q

activation of B cells

A

requires interaction with helper T cells

45
Q

neutralization

A

antibodies bind to virus, bacterium or toxin to interfere with pathogen function

46
Q

opsonization

A

binding sites for macrophages on pathogen

47
Q

complement proteins

A

form ‘membrane attack complex’

48
Q

vaccination

A

introduction of antigens to build immunity

49
Q

passive immunization

A

antibodies passed from mother to fetus

50
Q

artificial passive immunization

A

inject antibodies directtly

51
Q

blood groups interaction

A

different blood groups make different antigens; ie. if type A person gets B blood, B antigen lymphocytes will attack them

52
Q

tissue rejection

A

transplanted tissues make foreign MHC proteins; targeted by immune response

53
Q

allergies

A

hypersensitive response to antigens, results in inflammation

54
Q

autoimmune diseases

A

diseases caused by immune system turning against the body

55
Q

immunodeficiency

A

lowered effectiveness of immune system

56
Q

antigenic variation

A

pathogens change in epitope expression to thwart immunological memory

57
Q

latency

A

some viruses persist without making viral particles

58
Q

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

A

causes AIDS; both evades and damages immune system

Bio 116 (24 decks)

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