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Bio 116 > Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

circulatory systems

A

connect isolated cells to external environment to facilitate exchange

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2
Q

gastrovascular cavity

A

lack specialized circulatory system; have a high surface area to volume ratio. ie, cnidarians, flatworms

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3
Q

circulatory fluid

A

carries resources/wastes

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4
Q

interconnecting tubes

A

component of circulatory system thru which fluid travels

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5
Q

heart

A

muscular pump

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6
Q

open circulatory systems

A

circulatory fluid (hemolymph) in direct contact with organs; same as interstitial fluid; ie, arthropods, most mollusks

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7
Q

advantages of open circulatory system

A

lower pressures, can use fluid as hydrostatic skeleton

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8
Q

closed circulatory system

A

circulatory fluid (blood) in vessels, separate from interstitial fluid; ie, annelids, vertebrates

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9
Q

advantages of closed circulatory systems

A

faster delivery of O2, easier to regulate

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10
Q

cardiovascular system

A

vertebrate circulatory system

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11
Q

atrium

A

chamber of the heart that receives blood

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12
Q

ventricle

A

chamber of the heart that pumps blood away

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13
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from heart; branch into arterioles

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14
Q

capillaries

A

where exchange takes place

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15
Q

capillary bed

A

network of capillaries

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16
Q

veins

A

carry blood back to heart

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17
Q

single circulation

A

blood pumped thru a single circuit; in fishes with 2-chambered hearts. runs at lower pressure, so lower velocity

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18
Q

double circulation

A

blood pumped thru two separate circuits; in tetrapods with 3- or 4-chambered hearts. maintains higher pressure/velocity of blood

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19
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

circuit that pumps blood to lungs

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20
Q

systemic circuit

A

circuit that pumps blood to body

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21
Q

steps in the flow of blood thru both circuits

A

right ventricle pumps blood to lungs via the pulmonary arteries, blood flows thru capillary beds of the left and right lungs (gas exchange) and then returns to left atrium via pulmonary veins. left ventricle pumps blood out to body via the aorta (including coronary arteries to the heart). one branch leads to capillary beds in head and arms, another branch leads to capillary beds in the head and arms, another branch leads to capillary beds in the abdomen and legs. deoxygenated blood drains head and arms via superior vena cava, drains the abdomen and legs via the inferior vena cava, and both empty to the right atrium.

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22
Q

cardiac cycle

A

complete sequence of pumping (systole) and filling (diastole)

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23
Q

heart rate

A

avg. 72 beats per minute

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24
Q

stroke volume

A

avg. 70 mL per ventricle

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25
Q

cardiac output

A

avg. 5 L/minute (per ventricle)

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26
Q

valves

A

one-way flaps, bigger than the opening they cover

27
Q

valve types

A

atrioventricular valve (AV): between chambers
semilunar valve: between ventricles and arteries

28
Q

heart murmur

A

defective valve leads to back-flow

29
Q

pacemaker

A

autorhythmic cells of heart; contraction based upon own electrical impulses

30
Q

sinoatrial node

A

beginning of electrical impulses, cause atria to contract

31
Q

atrioventricular node

A

relay electrical impulses after 0.1 s delay, ventricles contract

32
Q

vessels structure

A

open lumen lined by endothelium (single epithelial layer)

33
Q

arterial structure

A

layer of smooth muscle, then layer of elastic connective tissue. thicker than veins (higher pressure), muscle can contract to control flow

34
Q

vein structure

A

layer of smooth muscle and connective tissue; thinner with valves to prevent back-flow

35
Q

blood pressure change in capillary beds

A

total cross-section area increases; velocity of blood decreases thru the capillaries

36
Q

precapillary sphincters

A

close off paths through capillary beds; controlled by nervous system and hormones

37
Q

exchange of water by pressure

A

blood pressure forces water out at arterial end, osmotic pressure draws water back at venous end

38
Q

lymph

A

network of small vessels that drains excess interstitial fluid

39
Q

blood

A

circulatory fluid in closed circulatory system made up of connective tissue cells and plasma

40
Q

plasma

A

liquid matrix of blood; 90% water dissolved with salts, proteins, gases, wastes, hormones, etc.

41
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells, function mainly in O2 transport. lack nuclei, full of hemoglobin

42
Q

hemoglobin

A

oxygen transport protein

43
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells; perform various immune function

44
Q

platelets

A

cell fragments involved in blood clotting

45
Q

clotting

A

damage plugged by platelets and reinforced by fibrin protein

46
Q

stem cells

A

located in bone marrow, produce new blood cells

47
Q

partial pressure

A

fraction of the total pressure exerted by air

48
Q

diffusion of oxygen

A

must be exchanged thru water; cell membranes need moist surfaces

49
Q

gills

A

respiratory surface of fish

50
Q

countercurrent exchange (fish)

A

moves surface of gills through medium, capillaries flow in the opposite direction; removes 80% of dissolved O2. won’t work on land

51
Q

tracheal system

A

adaptation for breathing air in insects, series of air tubes that branches throughout body. does not involve circulatory system

52
Q

lungs

A

adaptation for breathing air in vertebrates

53
Q

nostrils function

A

filter, warm and moisten air as its taken in

54
Q

larynx

A

receives air via pharynx and opens to trachea

55
Q

bronchi

A

trachea branches into two bronchi, which continue to branch into bronchioles

56
Q

bronchioles

A

surface covered by cilia and mucus to remove waste; end in alveoli

57
Q

amphibians ventilation

A

positive pressure breathing; push air in by shrinking oral cavity

58
Q

mammals ventilation

A

negative pressure breathing; pull air in

59
Q

diaphragm

A

skeletal muscle that expands thoracic cavity to pull air in

60
Q

breathing control centers

A

control breathing in brain by negative feedback; coordinated with circulatory system

61
Q

bird ventilation

A

one way flow of air by use of posterior and anterior air sacs; more efficient and complex

62
Q

partial pressures of O2 and CO2

A

net diffusion of O2 to the blood, CO2 diffuses from blood to air, O2 is transported throughout the body, CO2 is loaded from cells to the blood

63
Q

necessity of hemoglobin

A

transports higher quantities of O2 than water to reduce necessary cardiac output

Bio 116 (24 decks)

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