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Bio 116 > Chapter 32: Animal Diversity > Flashcards

Chapter 32: Animal Diversity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Most diverse animal group

A

terrestrial arthropods

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2
Q

animal

A

multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers

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3
Q

collagen

A

structural protein that supports cell walls

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4
Q

muscle cells

A

contractile cells to generate motion

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5
Q

nerve cells

A

conduct electrical impulses

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6
Q

methods of asexual reproduction

A

budding, fission, parthenogenesis (virgin birth)

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7
Q

dominant life cycle stage

A

diploid stage is dominant

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8
Q

sexual reproduction

A

typically a small flagellated sperm fertilizes a large egg; diploid adults produce haploid gametes

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9
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg that develops into gastrula

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10
Q

cleavage

A

cell division without growth

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11
Q

blastula

A

hollow ball of cells with an internal cavity (blastocoel)

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12
Q

gastrulation

A

invagination of blastopore to form the beginning of the gut (different in sponges)

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13
Q

sponge cell characteristics

A

lack tissues; cells can de-differentiate into other cell types

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14
Q

archenteron

A

formed by invagination; gives rise to the gut

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15
Q

endoderm

A

tissue lining gut

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16
Q

ectoderm

A

outer layer of cells; skin and nervous system

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17
Q

diploblasts

A

only two tissue types; “fancy gastrula”

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18
Q

triploblasts

A

have a third germ layer known as the mesoderm that forms all other organs between gut and outer surface

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19
Q

direct development

A

offspring looks like a little version of the parent

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20
Q

indirect development

A

young offspring (larvae) are morphologically/ecologically different than the adult

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21
Q

clade that animals belong to

A

opisthokonts (like fungi)

22
Q

closest relatives to animals

A

choanoflagellata: similar feeding cell type; analysis of DNA sequence data

23
Q

neoproterozoic era

A

era in which animals arise

24
Q

ediacaran biota

A

earliest large animal fossils

25
Q

cambrian explosion

A

appearance in the fossil record of most animal phyla

26
Q

bilaterians

A

most of the fossils from the cambrian explosion; bilaterally symmetric form with complete digestive tract

27
Q

mesozoic era

A

age of dinosaurs; bounce back of animals after extinction

28
Q

end-cretaceous extinction

A

wiped our dinosaurs and other groups

29
Q

cenozoic era

A

modern era; diversification of large mammals

30
Q

animal body plans

A

specific and conserved; development under control of Hox genes. 3 aspects: symmetry, tissue organization, and body cavities

31
Q

sponge symmetry

A

asymmetrical

32
Q

sea anemone symmetry

A

radially symmetrical

33
Q

symmetry of most animals

A

bilateral symmetry; dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior

34
Q

cephalization

A

having a front end (head); typical of animals that move under own power

35
Q

coelom

A

fluid-filled body cavity

36
Q

coelomates

A

body cavity lined with mesoderm

37
Q

pseudocoelmates

A

not completely lined with mesoderm

38
Q

acoelomates

A

lack a body cavity

39
Q

hydrostatic skeleton

A

fluid-filled body cavity serves as a hydrostatic skeleton to antagonize muscles

40
Q

protosomes

A

solid masses of mesoderm form; expand to filled blastocoel. determinate spiral cleavage; blastopore becomes the mouth

41
Q

deuterostomes

A

mesoderm buds off endoderm of archenteron; indeterminate radial cleavage; blastopore becomes anus

42
Q

5 important points about relationships among living animals

A
  1. share a common ancestor
  2. sponges are sister group to all other animals
  3. eumetazoa is a clade of animals with tissue (all except sponges)
  4. most animal phyla belong to the bilateria clade
  5. 3 major clades of bilaterian animals: deuterostomia, ecdysozoa, lophotrochozoa
43
Q

deuterostomia diversity

A

invertebrates or vertebrates; includes hemichordates, echinoderms, and chordates

44
Q

ecdysozoa

A

all invertebrates; includes nematodes and arthropods; secrete an exoskeleton for growth (ecdysis)

45
Q

lophotrochozoa

A

all invertebrates; named for features: lophophore and trochophore larvae

46
Q

lophophore

A

crown of ciliated tentacles used for feeding; ie. ectoprocts

47
Q

trochophore larva

A

developmental stage; ie. mollusks and annelids

48
Q

porifera

A

sponges

49
Q

cnidaria

A

jellyfish, sea anemones, coral

50
Q

bilateria

A

animals with bilateral body symmetry

Bio 116 (24 decks)

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