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Bio 116 > Chapter 48 and 49: Neurons and Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 48 and 49: Neurons and Nervous System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

neurons

A

cells that conduct and store information in the nervous system

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2
Q

cell body

A

part of the neuron that houses most of the cytoplasm, nucleus, etc.

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3
Q

dendrites

A

branched extensions at receiving end

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4
Q

axon

A

extends from neuron to cell it acts on

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5
Q

synapse

A

connection between neurons; excitement passed chemically

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6
Q

presynaptic cells

A

cell that releases neurotransmitters

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7
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messages between neurons

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8
Q

postsynaptic cell

A

cell that receives neurotransmitters

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9
Q

membrane potential

A

voltage difference across cell membrane; difference in charge between inside and outside

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10
Q

resting potential

A

membrane potential of a neuron that isn’t excited

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11
Q

ATP-powered sodium-potassium pump

A

brings K+ in, sends Na+ out

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12
Q

ion channels

A

let ions move down their gradients

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13
Q

potassium ion channels

A

K+ always leaking out

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14
Q

sodium ion channels

A

Na+ builds up outside

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15
Q

voltage potential

A

created by net movement of charge

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16
Q

equilibrium potential

A

chemical and electrical gradients balanced

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17
Q

gated ion channels

A

neuron channels that respond to some stimulus by opening/closing

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18
Q

voltage-gated ion channels

A

respond to change in membrane potential

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19
Q

depolarization

A

membrane potential becomes less negative and activates voltage-gated Na+ channels

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20
Q

action potential

A

massive, rapid depolarization; once potential exceeds threshold of -55mV; all or nothing response

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21
Q

hyperpolarization

A

a change in a cell’s membrane potential that makes it more negative

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22
Q

action potential steps

A

gated Na+ channels only active for a short time, rapid depolarization opens voltage-gated K+ channels resulting in hyperpolarization, undershoots normal resting rate

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23
Q

refractory period

A

time between action potentials; sets maximum frequency of action potentials

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24
Q

myelin sheath

A

protective membrane around axon, made up of glial cells

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25
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

glial cells in CNS

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26
Q

schwann cells

A

glial cells in PNS

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27
Q

factors that increase speed of propagation

A

axon diameter and insulation

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28
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps in myelin sheath; voltage gated Na+ channels limited to

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29
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space between presynaptic and postsynaptic cells

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30
Q

ligand-gated ion channel

A

bind neurotransmitter on postsynaptic membrane

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31
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potentials

A

depolarize membrane

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32
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

A

hyperpolarize membrane

33
Q

temporal summation

A

series of potentials from same synapse (graded)

34
Q

spatial summation

A

potentials from different synapse (graded)

35
Q

nerve net

A

nervous system of cnidarians

36
Q

nerves

A

multiple neurons; found in more complex animals

37
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain + nerve cords running body length

38
Q

cephalization

A

concentration of nervous system into the brain

39
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

ganglia and nerves outside CNS

40
Q

ganglia

A

cell bodies; groups of nerves or brain cells that are closely related

41
Q

brain

A

where all stimulus, voluntary and involuntary behavior is processed

42
Q

spinal cord

A

carries impulses to and from brain

43
Q

reflexes

A

involuntary movement

44
Q

gray matter

A

non-myelin matter, outside of brain

45
Q

white matter

A

myelin matter, inside of brain, outside of spinal cord

46
Q

derived from hollow dorsal nerve cord

A

central canal (spinal cord) and ventricles (brain); filled with cerebrospinal fluid for diffusion of resources and waste

47
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

selective, semi-permeable membrane between the blood and the interstitium of the brain

48
Q

glia

A

nourish, support, and regulate the functioning of neurons in the vertebrate brain and spinal cord

49
Q

radial glia

A

embryonic glia that form tracks along which newly formed neurons migrate from the neural tube, the structure that gives rise to the CNS

50
Q

astrocytes

A

facilitate information transfer at synapses and sometimes release neurotransmitters; initiates formation of the blood-brain barrier during embryonic development

51
Q

radial glia and astrocytes

A

can act as stem cells, generating new neurons in glia

52
Q

microglia

A

immune cells that protect against pathogens

53
Q

ependymal cells

A

line ventricles and promote circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

54
Q

cranial nerves

A

connect brain with head

55
Q

spinal nerves

A

connect spinal cord to rest of body

56
Q

afferent neurons

A

bring information to the CNS (sensory)

57
Q

efferent neurons

A

carry information from CNS

58
Q

motor system

A

skeletal muscles; voluntary and reflex motion

59
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary; smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, etc.

60
Q

sympathetic division

A

arousal, “fight or flight”

61
Q

parasympathetic division

A

calming, “rest and digest”

62
Q

enteric division

A

digestion

63
Q

brainstem

A

midbrain + pons + medulla; homeostasis, coordination of movement, attention, alertness, motivation

64
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates movement, hand-eye coordination

65
Q

forebrain

A

diencephalon and cerebrum

66
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus; homeostasis, sensory info, circadian rhythms

67
Q

cerebrum

A

center for information processing in mammals

68
Q

corpus callosum

A

connect the left and right hemispheres

69
Q

reticular formation

A

controls sleep and arousal; filters incoming information and determines what reaches the cerebral cortex

70
Q

biological clock

A

regulates sleep cycles

71
Q

limbic system

A

responsible for emotions; amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus

72
Q

cortex

A

frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes (each with different functions)

73
Q

laterilization

A

two hemispheres not identical in function

74
Q

neural plasticity

A

learning and memory formed by strengthening or weakening of synaptic connections

75
Q

hippocampus

A

form memories by rearranging connections

76
Q

short term memories

A

store stimuli for a short time

77
Q

long-term memories

A

rearrangements in the cerebral cortex

78
Q

long term potentiation

A

frequent excitation of a synapse can make the postsynaptic neuron more sensitive to the presynaptic neuron

Bio 116 (24 decks)

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