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Bio 116 > Chapter 47: Development > Flashcards

Chapter 47: Development Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

model organisms

A

organisms used for developmental research; easily available or bred

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2
Q

fertilization

A

union of sperm and egg

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3
Q

vitelline layer

A

extracellular matrix of unfertilized egg

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4
Q

jelly coat

A

coat of unfertilized egg that protects egg and attracts sperm

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5
Q

acrosomal reaction

A

reaction triggered by contact of egg with sperm

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6
Q

acrosome

A

vesicle at sperm tip with hydrolytic enzymes break down jelly

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7
Q

acrosomal process

A

structure w/ proteins that bind receptors on eggs

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8
Q

depolarization

A

fusion leads to change in membrane potential

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9
Q

polyspermy

A

multiple sperm fertilizing an egg; blocked by depolarization and fertilization envelope

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10
Q

cortical reaction

A

initiated by fusion of egg and sperm; vesicles in cortex fuse with plasma membrane, leads to fertilization envelope

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11
Q

fertilization envelope

A

slower response to block polyspermy; separates vitelline layer from plasma membrane and breaks up receptors so more sperm don’t bind

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12
Q

activation of the egg

A

follows cortical reaction; increased respiration and protein synthesis, sperm nucleus fuses with egg nucleus

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13
Q

cleavage

A

earliest division, rapid; cell division without growth

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14
Q

blastomeres

A

individual cells formed by cleavage

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15
Q

blastula

A

hollow ball of cells with a blastocoel

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16
Q

blastocoel

A

internal cavity of blastomeres

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17
Q

cytoplasmic determinants

A

proteins, mRNA, etc. in specific places that code for body polarity

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18
Q

yolk

A

stored nutrients; help determine first cleavage

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19
Q

vegetal pole

A

pole in which yolk is concentrated

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20
Q

animal pole

A

pole opposite the vegetal pole

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21
Q

animal-vegetal axis

A

anterior-posterior axis

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22
Q

light gray crescent

A

area opposite sperm entry; sets polarity at fertilization

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23
Q

shape of blastula

A

influenced by presence of yolk; 8 cells, unequal, offset by yolk

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24
Q

gastrulation

A

the ball of cells turns into a structure with tissue layers and a gut

25
Q

gastrula

A

early gut

26
Q

3 germ layers

A

ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

27
Q

vegetal plate

A

future endoderm; invaginates and becomes archenteron

28
Q

archenteron

A

open cavity in the gastrula; blastopore is the opening and future anus in deuterostomes

29
Q

ectoderm

A

skin, nervous system, and other

30
Q

mesoderm

A

skeleton, muscles, circulatory system, excretory system, lining of body cavity, and others

31
Q

endoderm

A

lining of digestive tract, respiratory system, and others

32
Q

early organogenesis

A

cells differentiate to form organs; notochord, neural plate, neural tube, neural crest cells, somites

33
Q

cell differentiation and morphogenesis

A

continuation of organogenesis that leads to adult organs

34
Q

blastoderm

A

a disk that forms as two layers of cells on a large yolk

35
Q

hypoblast

A

cell layer of blastoderm on yolk

36
Q

epiblast

A

cell layer of blastoderm on top

37
Q

primitive streak

A

gastrulation by migration of epiblast cells toward yolk

38
Q

extraembryonic membranes

A

chorion, amnion, yolk sacs, allantois

39
Q

chorion

A

extraembryonic membrane that functions in gas exchange

40
Q

amnion

A

extraembryonic membrane that encloses embryo in fluid

41
Q

yolk sac

A

extraembryonic membrane that surrounds yolk

42
Q

allantois

A

extraembryonic membrane that sequesters waste products

43
Q

blastocyst

A

mammalian blastula consists of trophoblast and inner mass cells

44
Q

trophoblast

A

outer epithelium that initiates implantation; secretes enzymes to break down endometrium;

45
Q

inner mass cells

A

part that will become the embryo; form epiblast and hypoblast

46
Q

placenta

A

derived from trophoblast, mesoderm from the epiblast, and endometrial tissue; forms from embryonic and maternal tissue to exchange, nutrients, gases, wastes, etc.

47
Q

fetus

A

late embryo, after about 8 weeks in humans

48
Q

animals cells change shape

A

use of cytoskeleton; microtubules elongate and microfilaments narrow the apex

49
Q

cell adhesion molecules

A

used by cells to form stable tissues; glycoproteins on cell surfaces

50
Q

migration of cells

A

mediated by extracellular matrix

51
Q

cells differentiate

A

division of cells into different functions with specific body axes, gene expression, etc.; begins with cytoplasmic determinants

52
Q

induction

A

changes in gene expression based upon cell-cell interaction; pattern formation and positional information

53
Q

fate map

A

map of cell differentiation

54
Q

developmental potential

A

ability of a cell to become different types of cells; lost as cell lines develop

55
Q

totipotent

A

ability of a cell to differentiate into any function

56
Q

limb buds

A

beginning of limbs, covered in a layer of ectoderm

57
Q

apical ectodermal ridge (AER)

A

tip of bud; secretes growth factor that extends limb bud

58
Q

zone of polarizing activity (ZPA)

A

a group of cells in the posterior limb bud that controls the anteroposterior (AP) patterning of the limb

Bio 116 (24 decks)

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