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Bio 116 > Chapter 50: Sensory and Motor Mechanisms > Flashcards

Chapter 50: Sensory and Motor Mechanisms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

sensory receptors

A

neurons or regulate neurons; different types respond to different stimuli

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2
Q

chemoreceptors

A

bind molecules, initiate change in membrane potential

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3
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

deformed or moved to sense pressure, stretch, motion, etc

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4
Q

electromagnetic receptors

A

detect light, electricity, magnetism, etc.

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5
Q

thermoreceptors

A

detect heat and cold

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6
Q

nociceptors

A

detect ‘pain’ like extreme pressure, chemicals, etc.

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7
Q

4 stages of getting a stimulus to the brain

A

receptions, transduction, transmission, perception

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8
Q

reception

A

sensory cells detects stimulus

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9
Q

transduction

A

conversion of stimulus to receptor potential; magnitude varies with intensity of stimulus

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10
Q

transmission

A

strength of stimulus modulates frequency of action potential; integration/processing

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11
Q

perception

A

central nervous system (brain) processing of input from sensory neurons

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12
Q

modifications of transduction

A

amplification-strengthening of stimulus; adding energy
adaptation-becoming unresponsive to constant stimulation

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13
Q

gustation

A

detection of tastants in solution by chemoreceptors; taste buds recognize sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and savory

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14
Q

olfaction

A

smell; detection of odorants in air by chemoreceptors

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15
Q

hearing and balance

A

based on mechanoreceptors and closely related

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16
Q

conversion of waves in air to fluid

A

outer ear: tympanic membrane (eardrum) vibrates
middle ear: three tiny bones transmit vibrations
inner ear: cochlea receives vibrations

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17
Q

vestibular canal

A

waves flow down vestibular canal, cause vibrations that stimulate hair cells

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18
Q

volume

A

magnitude of the vibrations

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19
Q

pitch

A

frequency of waves; basilar membrane has varying thickness, different parts vibrate in response to different pitches

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20
Q

lateral line system

A

mechanoreceptors for detecting low frequency vibrations (like small hairs in ears of mammals)

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21
Q

hearing in fish

A

no outer ears; vibrations pass from water, through body

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22
Q

hearing in insects

A

hairs on their bodies that vibrate, tuned to specific frequencies

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23
Q

statocysts

A

chamber surrounded by ciliated cells, statoliths move around as body moves to sense gravity

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24
Q

balance

A

associated with ears; inner ear has utricle (horizontal) and saccule (vertical) chambers lined with hair cells and little stones (otoliths); tilting your head causes the stones to move

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25
Q

semicircular canals

A

detect angular motion, oriented in 3 planes

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26
Q

photoreceptors

A

cells that detect light

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27
Q

ocelli

A

simple cup of photoreceptors; cup creates shadow to determine light direction

28
Q

single-lens eyes

A

functions kind of like a camera; single opening with a lens to focus light on a field of photoreceptors

29
Q

compound eyes

A

composed of many light detectors; each facet has own lens, responsible for a small part of the visual field

30
Q

vertebrate eye layers

A

sclera, choroid, retina

31
Q

outer sclera

A

white, protective layer made of collagen and elastic fiber

32
Q

middle choroid

A

vascular layer

33
Q

inner retina

A

layers of neurons and photoreceptors

34
Q

movement of light through eye

A

enters through cornea (transparent area of sclera) surrounded by iris, through pupil (actual hole for light) to lens (transparent protein that focuses light by changing shape)

35
Q

types of photoreceptors

A

rods, cones, and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (iPRGCs)

36
Q

rods

A

sensitive to light but not colors

37
Q

cones

A

distinguish colors, but not very light sensitive

38
Q

intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (IPRGCs)

A

signal environmental light level to the central circadian clock and contribute to the pupil light reflex

39
Q

fovea

A

center of focus: 150,000 cones/mm^2

40
Q

rhodopsin

A

visual pigment in rods; in membrane of stacked disks in rod, shape changes with absorption of light. Leads to signal transduction that closes Na+ channels

41
Q

photopsins

A

visual pigment of cones; works similarly to rhodopsin

42
Q

transmission of vision to brain

A

photoreceptors interact with a variety of different neuron types that process the information from each receptor; ganglion cell axons transmit impulses to the brain

43
Q

vertebrate skeletal muscle

A

muscles attached to bones, responsible for locomotion; organized muscle, fiber, myosin

44
Q

muscle

A

bundle of fibers running parallel to bone

45
Q

fiber

A

single cell (multiple nuclei) with bundles of myofibrils

46
Q

myofibrils

A

composed of thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments

47
Q

sarcomere

A

basic contractile unit of myofibril; ends of actin fibers line up at ends (z lines), middle of myosin fibers lined up (m line)

48
Q

sliding-filament model

A

muscles contract by actin and myosin sliding past each other; head binds ATP, head hydrolyzes ATP to ADP and used energy to change shape, head binds to actin filament, head releases ADP but holds on to actin, binding new ATP causes head to release, cycle repeats

49
Q

sliding filament model cycle

A

head binds ATP, head hydrolyzes ATP to ADP and used energy to change shape, head binds to actin filament, head releases ADP but holds on to actin, binding new ATP causes head to release, cycle repeats

50
Q

contraction of muscle fibers

A

controlled by tropomyosin (coils around actin) and troponin complex (arranged along tropomyosin) and Ca2+ (binds troponin complex)

51
Q

action potential to myofibril contraction

A
  1. With action potential, motor neuron releases acetylcholine, binds to receptors on muscle
  2. Triggers action potential, transverse tubules carry action potential (AP) deep into muscle cell
  3. AP causes sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) to release Ca2+
  4. Troponin complex and tropomyosin move out of the way
  5. Sarcomere contracts
  6. When motor neuron stops firing, Ca2+ pumped back to SR
  7. Troponin complex and tropomyosin move back in the way, fiber relaxes
52
Q

motor unit

A

all fibers controlled by one neuron, all contract together

53
Q

tetanus/tetanic contraction

A

rapid AP’s lead to rapid twitches; can sum

54
Q

skeletal muscle

A

composed of multiple fiber types

55
Q

cardiac muscle

A

found only in the heart; striated, can generate own action potentials

56
Q

smooth muscle

A

in walls of hollow organs; not striated

57
Q

endoskeleton

A

muscles surround bone skeleton

58
Q

exoskeleton

A

muscle within skeleton

59
Q

antagonistic pairs

A

muscles work in antagonistic pairs; one contracts while the other relaxes

60
Q

hydrostatic skeleton

A

animals lack hard skeletons; body cavity filled with non-compressible fluid, contracting longitudinal muscles causes body to shorten, contracting circular muscles causes body to lengthen

61
Q

ball and socket joint

A

multiple planes of movement

62
Q

hinge joint

A

one plane of movement

63
Q

pivot joint

A

rotation

64
Q

osteoblasts

A

secrete bone matrix

65
Q

osteoclasts

A

resorb bone components

Bio 116 (24 decks)

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