Chapter 30: Plant diversity p.2

Question 1

Evolutionary innovations of seed plants

Answer 1

1. reduction of gametophyte stage
2. variation in spore size
3. female megaspores produced megasporangia
4. male microspores produced microsporangia
5. seeds

Question 2

advantages of seeds

Answer 2

dispersal
longer viability
dormancy

Question 3

seed

Answer 3

consists of embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

Question 4

conditions a seed helps plants cope with

Answer 4

drought and UV exposure

Question 5

fertilization (seed vascular)

Answer 5

does not require water; eggs (n) fertilized by sperm (n) following pollination, sperm is transported via pollen tube through the micropyle

Question 6

ovule

Answer 6

megasporangium + megaspore + integument

Question 7

integument

Answer 7

sporophyte tissue (2n)

Question 8

megasporangium

Answer 8

sporophyte tissue (2n)

Question 9

megaspore

Answer 9

develops into female gametophyte (n)

Question 10

pollen tube

Answer 10

tube formed by male gametophyte to transfer sperm to female gametophyte

Question 11

micropyle

Answer 11

small opening of the ovule that the pollen tube attaches to

Question 12

clades of gymnosperms

Answer 12

Cycadophyta
Gnetophyta
Ginkgophyta
Coniferophyta

Question 13

clades of angiosperms

Answer 13

Anthophyta

Question 14

Rise of gymnosperms

Answer 14

oldest fossil about 305 million years old

Question 15

dominant sporophyte (gymnosperm)

Answer 15

pine tree

Question 16

microsporocyte

Answer 16

(male) pollen cone; develops into male gametophyte (pollen) that makes sperm

Question 17

megasporocyte

Answer 17

(female) ovule cone; develops into female gametophyte that makes eggs

Question 18

fertilization (gymnosperm)

Answer 18

pollination leads to fertilization (water not needed)

Question 19

angiosperm diversity

Answer 19

most diverse and widespread (90% of all plants)

Question 20

reproductive structure of angiosperms

Answer 20

flowers and fruits

Question 21

floral organs

Answer 21

carpel, stamen, sepal, petals

Question 22

fruit

Answer 22

mature ovary

Question 23

double fertilization

Answer 23

pollen releases 2 sperm
1. fertilizes egg
2. fuses with 2 polar nuclei in central cell to make endosperm (3n)

Question 24

germination of seed

Answer 24

when conditions are favorable, seed coat ruptures and embryo emerges as a seedling

Question 25

evolution of angiosperm

Answer 25

monophyletic group; appears ‘suddenly’ and widely around 150 mya

Question 26

monocot characteristics

Answer 26

1 cotyledon, parallel veins, vascular tissues scattered, fibrous root system, pollen grain with 1 opening, flower organs x3

Question 27

eudicot characteristics

Answer 27

2 cotyledons, netlike veins, vascular tissues in ring, tap root, pollen grain with 3 openings, floral organ x4 or x5

Question 28

pericarp

Answer 28

ovary wall