Chapter 44/45: Osmoregulation, Excretion, & the Endocrine System Flashcards
osmoregulation
maintenance of concentration of solutes in body fluids
osmosis
movement of water from low solute to high solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane
osmolarity
measure of osmotic pressure
hyperosmotic
net flow of water into cell
isoosmotic
no net water movement, osmotic balance
hypoosmotic
net flow of water out of cell
osmoconformer
body fluid becomes isoosmotic with environment
osmoregulatory
body fluid is regulated
stenohaline
organisms that tolerate a narrow range of salinity
euryhaline
organisms that can tolerate a wide range of salinity
marine fish osmoregulation
water lost by osmosis to environment; must drink lots of sea water
freshwater fish osmoregulation
water gained by osmosis from environment; excretion of water from kidneys
terrestrial animals osmoregulation
dehydration is the main concern, adaptions to retain water
ammonia (NH3)
nitrogen waste from protein/nucleic acid that is highly toxic but highly soluble; aquatic organism can let it diffuse from body surface
urea
many vertebrates convert NH3 to urea; lower toxicity, can be concentrated to conserve water; costly to produce
uric acid
reptiles and terrestrial invertebrates can convert NH3 to uric acid; lower toxicity, insoluble- precipitates as a solid; very costly to produce
urine
fluid waste produced through 4 step process: filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion
filtration
body fluid forced thru semi-permeable membrane; water and ions pass, proteins do not
reabsorption
water and ions are selectively taken back
secretion
wastes, etc, actively added to filtrate
excretion
remaining filtrate (urine) leaves the body
protonephridia
beating cilia draw body fluid into tubules of flatworms
metanephridia
tube connects coelom to outside of annelids
malpighian tubules
blind tubes connected to gut of insects