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Bio 116 > Chapter 44/45: Osmoregulation, Excretion, & the Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 44/45: Osmoregulation, Excretion, & the Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

osmoregulation

A

maintenance of concentration of solutes in body fluids

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2
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water from low solute to high solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

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3
Q

osmolarity

A

measure of osmotic pressure

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4
Q

hyperosmotic

A

net flow of water into cell

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5
Q

isoosmotic

A

no net water movement, osmotic balance

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6
Q

hypoosmotic

A

net flow of water out of cell

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7
Q

osmoconformer

A

body fluid becomes isoosmotic with environment

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8
Q

osmoregulatory

A

body fluid is regulated

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9
Q

stenohaline

A

organisms that tolerate a narrow range of salinity

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10
Q

euryhaline

A

organisms that can tolerate a wide range of salinity

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11
Q

marine fish osmoregulation

A

water lost by osmosis to environment; must drink lots of sea water

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12
Q

freshwater fish osmoregulation

A

water gained by osmosis from environment; excretion of water from kidneys

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13
Q

terrestrial animals osmoregulation

A

dehydration is the main concern, adaptions to retain water

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14
Q

ammonia (NH3)

A

nitrogen waste from protein/nucleic acid that is highly toxic but highly soluble; aquatic organism can let it diffuse from body surface

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15
Q

urea

A

many vertebrates convert NH3 to urea; lower toxicity, can be concentrated to conserve water; costly to produce

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16
Q

uric acid

A

reptiles and terrestrial invertebrates can convert NH3 to uric acid; lower toxicity, insoluble- precipitates as a solid; very costly to produce

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17
Q

urine

A

fluid waste produced through 4 step process: filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion

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18
Q

filtration

A

body fluid forced thru semi-permeable membrane; water and ions pass, proteins do not

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19
Q

reabsorption

A

water and ions are selectively taken back

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20
Q

secretion

A

wastes, etc, actively added to filtrate

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21
Q

excretion

A

remaining filtrate (urine) leaves the body

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22
Q

protonephridia

A

beating cilia draw body fluid into tubules of flatworms

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23
Q

metanephridia

A

tube connects coelom to outside of annelids

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24
Q

malpighian tubules

A

blind tubes connected to gut of insects

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25
Q

path of fluid from blood to the outside

A

blood serves each kidney by renal artery and renal vein, fluid leaves by ureter which drains to common urinary bladder, urinary bladder empties via urethra (controlled by sphincter muscles)

26
Q

renal cortex

A

outer part of kidney

27
Q

renal medulla

A

inner part of kidney

28
Q

nephron

A

functional unit of the kidney

29
Q

bowman’s capsule

A

beginning part of nephron

30
Q

glomerulus

A

cluster of capillaries surrounding bowman’s capsule

31
Q

path of filtrate within nephron

A

bowman’s capsule→proximal tubule→loop of henle→distal tubule→collecting duct→renal pelvic→ureter

32
Q

afferent and efferent arterioles

A

from renal artery to and from glomerulus

33
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

capillaries around tubules

34
Q

vasa recta

A

circulatory system associated with loop of henle

35
Q

proximal tubule reabsorption

A

first stage of concentration of wastes; active reabsorption of Na+, Cl-, K+

36
Q

descending loop of henle reabsorption

A

permeable to water but not salts, further concentration of filtrate

37
Q

ascending loop of henle reabsorption

A

reabsorption of NaCl; permeable to NaCl but not water

38
Q

distal tubule reabsorption

A

regulates NaCl out, K+ in

39
Q

collecting duct reabsorption

A

further concentrates filtrate

40
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

hormone released in response to high blood osmolarity to increase reabsorption

41
Q

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

A

hormone that maintains blood flow

42
Q

hormones

A

basic system for regulating the body; involved in growth, development, homeostasis, etc.

43
Q

endocrine system

A

hormones circulate in blood/hemolymph and activate target cells

44
Q

paracrine and autocrine regulators

A

secrete molecules that act over short distances, local regulators

45
Q

nervous system

A

network of neurons transmit signals to other cells (neurotransmitters)

46
Q

pheromones

A

chemicals released outside the body to affect another organism (communication using hormones)

47
Q

polypeptide hormones

A

proteins, water soluble

48
Q

steroid hormones

A

lipids derived from cholesterol; lipid-soluble

49
Q

amine hormones

A

synthesized from amino acids; solubility varies

50
Q

water-soluble hormones

A

receptors in the plasma membrane that initiate signal transduction and response

51
Q

lipid-soluble hormone

A

receptors in the nucleus or cytoplasm; interacts directly with DNA

52
Q

hormone effects

A

circulate widely but only affect target cells with receptors that can bind that hormone

53
Q

antagonistic pairs

A

various stimuli lead to secretions that pair in negative feedback loops, ie. insulin and glucagon

54
Q

neuroendocrine pathway

A

coordination of endocrine and nervous systems

55
Q

hypothalamus

A

endocrine gland in the brain, important for nervous/endocrine coordination

56
Q

pituitary gland

A

2 glands fused together that receive neurosecretory signals from hypothalamus

57
Q

posterior pituitary

A

stores two hormones from hypothalamus, ADH and oxytocin

58
Q

anterior pituitary

A

makes several hormones that are released upon stimulation from hypothalamus, some tropic hormones

59
Q

adrenal cortex and medulla

A

adrenal glands on kidneys

60
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

released from adrenal medulla in response to stress; prepare body for short term excitement

61
Q

mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

A

main types of steroids for long term stress response

Bio 116 (24 decks)

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