Chapter Four Flashcards
Prokaryote
Pre nucleus
eukaryote
True nucleus
Example of vibria
Vibreo cholerae
Vibria
Has a slight curve
Spirillum
Rigid
-contains flagella
Spirochete
-flexible, curls around the body
-contains axial filament
An example of spirochete
Treponema patlidum
-causes syphilis
Example of a single bacillus
Bacillus anthraus
Glycocalx
Capsule
-outside cell wall
-very sticky
What is the glycocalx made up of
Sugar and proteins
Why is the glycocalx sticky?
Escape human defence systems by slipping away
Functions of the glycocalx (three things)
- Virulence
- Evades phagocytosis
- Helps in attachment to human cells
Virulence
The ability of an organism to infect a host and cause a disease
What is an example of attachment to human cells
Sugar or plaque on teeth
-streptococcus mutaus
Flagella
Helps microbe to move by running and tumbling
Flagella is composed of…
-filament
-hook
-basal body
The filament is _____ based
Protein
The Hook is
Flexible, proteinous and wraps around filament
Monotrichous and polar flagella
Single and straight
Amphitrichous and polar flagella
Two on either end of cell
Lophotrichous and polar
Tuft on one end of cell
Peritrichous flagella
Coming out everywhere on cell
Fimbriae
Extremely thin and numerous
-attached to cell body
Example of fimbriae
Neisserria gonorhea
Phili
Sexual transfer of DNA in cells
Axial filaments
Found in sporophytes
-moves in spiral form or corkscrew
-anchored at one end of cell
Cell wall is made up of
Peptidoglycan or meurin
Meurin is a
Polomer
The peptido in peptidoglycan is
A polypeptide where every species has its own
The polypeptide function
Strings and links backbone together
Tetrapeptide in the peptidoglycan (function)
Shorter than polypeptide, but links above and below
Glycan of peptidoglycan is made up of
Glucose
Glucose in glycan is chemically modified into (two things)
NAM and NAG
NAM stands for
Acetyl muramic acid
NAG stands for
Acetyl glucosamine
Peptidoglycan separates ___ ___ from ___
-human cells
-prokaryotes
Antibiotics (such as _____) targets ______
-penicillin
-peptidoglycan
What are the two different types of cell walls
-gram positive
-gram negative
Why are these two cell walls different
The gram positive cell: will get a positive result in staining
The gram negative cell: will get a negative result, and you will need to restrain the cell
Gram positive cells and peptidoglycan structure
Contains SEVERAL layers of peptidoglycan
Gram negative cells and peptidoglycan
Only contain one to two layers of peptidoglycan
-very thick
Gram positive kingdoms contains acid, what is it called?
Teichoic acids
Teichoic acids are made up of
Alcohol and phosphate
What are the two major types of teichoic acids
-lipoteichoic acid
-wallteichoic acid
Lipoteichoic acid found
Spanning the peptidoglycan layer and plasma membrane
Wallteichoic acid is found
In the peptidoglycan layer
What are the functions of the teichoic acid
-helps to identify bacteria in staining
-brings cations into cell
-helps with growth
What’s does it mean by antigenic specificity
Describing the uniqueness of bacteria
Does gram negative cell walls contain teichoic acid?
Nor
What does the gram negative wall contain that the gram positive does not? (four things)
-phospholipid bilayer
-lipoproteins
-porin proteins
-lipopolysaccharise
What is the function of a phospholipid bilayer
It acts in a way that repels water like a plasma membrane
-hydrophobic/hydrophilic
What is the function of lipoproteins
Act as anchor
What is the function of porin proteins
Forms channels for molecules to enter in
How lipopolysaccharise look
Hairlike and pointing upwards
Lipid A is a
Poison to release that allows to recognize infections
What are some examples of what lipid A recognizes
Fever, nausea, diarrhea and miscarriages
Function of sugar
To recognize bacteria
What does endotoxic shock show
Always gram negative
Periplasmic space
-Transports
-various functions
-filled with water
-enzyme activity
Myobacterium (cell wall)
atypical cell wall
-cannot stain and have a waxy layer due to mycolic acid
Examples of mycobacterium
M. Tuberculosis and m. Leoprae
(TB and leprosy)
Microplasma
Atypical cell walls
-lacks cell wall but adds STEROLS in plasma membrane
What are sterols
Help to protect microplasma from rupture
Archae
Atypical cell wall
-contains no cell wall, walls are made of pseudomurein
What two major things damage the cell wall
The immune system and antibiotics
Why does the immune system damage the cell wall
The lysozymes form an immune response that destroys glycan
-then the wall collapses
-destroys the backbone
What is the cell wall backbone
NAM and NAG
Positive cell wall damage due to lysosomes
Creates a very weakened cell, that only contains a plasma membrane
—> water rushes in
—> very quick cell death
Protoplast
What happens to the negative cell wall during immune damage
Weakens layer —> spheroplast
-cell can no longer divide and eventually fills with water leading to cell death
Spheroplast
Circular shape
-cellular contents, plasma membrane and parts of cell wall
-gram negative
Protoplast
Weekend cell only containing plasma membrane
-gram positive cell wall
Antibiotics such as _____ does what to the cell wall?
-penicillin
-breaks the cell wall and inhibits peptide bridge in peptidoglycan
The peptide bridge is the ….
Linkage
With penicillin gram positive walls are _____ susceptible because they have _____ peptidoglycan
MORE, MORE
With penicillin gram negative walls are _____ susceptible because they have _____ peptidoglycan
LESS, LESS
Plasma membrane move substances through
diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis and active transport
Simple diffusion
Net movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to low concentration
-until equilibrium
Facilitated diffusion
Movement of ions or large molecules across the plasma membrane
Osmosis
Net movement of water molecules across selectively permeable membrane from high concentration to low
Cytoplasm
Substance inside plasma membrane
Nucleoid
Contains bacterial chromosome and DNA
Ribosome
Protein synthesis
Humans ribosomes vs prokaryote ribosomes
Humans: larger
Pro: smaller
Endospores
Resting structures
Endospores are resistant to
Heat, lack of water and chemicals
How are Endospores formed
By dehydration and lack of nutrients
Family and species that make Endospores are
Bacillus and colistridium
Sporulation
Endospores formation
Germination
Return to vegetative state
Bacillus Endospores are which one
Anthrosis
Examples of Endospores in colistriudm
Tetini, botulinum, perfringous, difficule
Tetini
Tetnus
Botulinum
Germination in canned food
Perfringous
Gangrene
Difficle
Colitis, where colon cells fall off
-sticks everywhere
Bacillus and colistirdum are both
Gram positive
What is the exception to Endospores all being gram positive
Coxiella (burnetti)
What is coxiella burnetti
Q fever, mild pneumonia
-spreads through domestic animals
Simple steps of sporulation
1-DNA replicated, spore septum forms
2-septum fully formed
3- duplicated DNA is completely enclosed and floating within cell
4- peptidoglycan layer forms
5- spore coat forms
6- spore separates completely from mother cell
Cell walls of eukaryotic cells
Consists of polysaccharide cellulose
In eukaryotic cells ribosomes are…
Free floating
Organelles found in eukaryotic cells
-nucleus
-ER
-golgi complex
-lysosomes
-vacuous
-mitochondria
-chloroplast
-peroxisomes
-Centro some
Nuclear envelope
Double membrane surrounding nucleus
Nuclear ports
Are tiny channels that move substances between nucleus and cytoplasm
Nucleoi
Condensed regions of chromosomes
-RNA is synthesized
Rough and smooth ER
Rough- protein synthesis and storage
Smooth- lipid synthesis
Golgi complex
Transport pathway of proteins
Vacuoles
Space or cavity in the cytoplasm, temporary storage or bring food into cell
Chloroplasts
Found in green and algae plants
-pigment and allows photosynthesis
Peroxisome
Oxidize various organic substances cues
-H2O2
