Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiologyh > Chapter Four > Flashcards

Chapter Four Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryote

A

Pre nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

eukaryote

A

True nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Example of vibria

A

Vibreo cholerae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Vibria

A

Has a slight curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Spirillum

A

Rigid
-contains flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Spirochete

A

-flexible, curls around the body
-contains axial filament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

An example of spirochete

A

Treponema patlidum
-causes syphilis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Example of a single bacillus

A

Bacillus anthraus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Glycocalx

A

Capsule
-outside cell wall
-very sticky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the glycocalx made up of

A

Sugar and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is the glycocalx sticky?

A

Escape human defence systems by slipping away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Functions of the glycocalx (three things)

A
  1. Virulence
  2. Evades phagocytosis
  3. Helps in attachment to human cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Virulence

A

The ability of an organism to infect a host and cause a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an example of attachment to human cells

A

Sugar or plaque on teeth
-streptococcus mutaus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Flagella

A

Helps microbe to move by running and tumbling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Flagella is composed of…

A

-filament
-hook
-basal body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The filament is _____ based

A

Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The Hook is

A

Flexible, proteinous and wraps around filament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Monotrichous and polar flagella

A

Single and straight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Amphitrichous and polar flagella

A

Two on either end of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lophotrichous and polar

A

Tuft on one end of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Peritrichous flagella

A

Coming out everywhere on cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Fimbriae

A

Extremely thin and numerous
-attached to cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Example of fimbriae

A

Neisserria gonorhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Phili
Sexual transfer of DNA in cells
26
Axial filaments
Found in sporophytes -moves in spiral form or corkscrew -anchored at one end of cell
27
Cell wall is made up of
Peptidoglycan or meurin
28
Meurin is a
Polomer
29
The peptido in peptidoglycan is
A polypeptide where every species has its own
30
The polypeptide function
Strings and links backbone together
31
Tetrapeptide in the peptidoglycan (function)
Shorter than polypeptide, but links above and below
32
Glycan of peptidoglycan is made up of
Glucose
33
Glucose in glycan is chemically modified into (two things)
NAM and NAG
34
NAM stands for
Acetyl muramic acid
35
NAG stands for
Acetyl glucosamine
36
Peptidoglycan separates ___ ___ from ___
-human cells -prokaryotes
37
Antibiotics (such as _____) targets ______
-penicillin -peptidoglycan
38
What are the two different types of cell walls
-gram positive -gram negative
39
Why are these two cell walls different
The gram positive cell: will get a positive result in staining The gram negative cell: will get a negative result, and you will need to restrain the cell
40
Gram positive cells and peptidoglycan structure
Contains SEVERAL layers of peptidoglycan
41
Gram negative cells and peptidoglycan
Only contain one to two layers of peptidoglycan -very thick
42
Gram positive kingdoms contains acid, what is it called?
Teichoic acids
43
Teichoic acids are made up of
Alcohol and phosphate
44
What are the two major types of teichoic acids
-lipoteichoic acid -wallteichoic acid
45
Lipoteichoic acid found
Spanning the peptidoglycan layer and plasma membrane
46
Wallteichoic acid is found
In the peptidoglycan layer
47
What are the functions of the teichoic acid
-helps to identify bacteria in staining -brings cations into cell -helps with growth
48
What’s does it mean by antigenic specificity
Describing the uniqueness of bacteria
49
Does gram negative cell walls contain teichoic acid?
Nor
50
What does the gram negative wall contain that the gram positive does not? (four things)
-phospholipid bilayer -lipoproteins -porin proteins -lipopolysaccharise
51
What is the function of a phospholipid bilayer
It acts in a way that repels water like a plasma membrane -hydrophobic/hydrophilic
52
What is the function of lipoproteins
Act as anchor
53
What is the function of porin proteins
Forms channels for molecules to enter in
54
How lipopolysaccharise look
Hairlike and pointing upwards
55
Lipid A is a
Poison to release that allows to recognize infections
56
What are some examples of what lipid A recognizes
Fever, nausea, diarrhea and miscarriages
57
Function of sugar
To recognize bacteria
58
What does endotoxic shock show
Always gram negative
59
Periplasmic space
-Transports -various functions -filled with water -enzyme activity
60
Myobacterium (cell wall)
atypical cell wall -cannot stain and have a waxy layer due to mycolic acid
61
Examples of mycobacterium
M. Tuberculosis and m. Leoprae (TB and leprosy)
62
Microplasma
Atypical cell walls -lacks cell wall but adds STEROLS in plasma membrane
63
What are sterols
Help to protect microplasma from rupture
64
Archae
Atypical cell wall -contains no cell wall, walls are made of pseudomurein
65
What two major things damage the cell wall
The immune system and antibiotics
66
Why does the immune system damage the cell wall
The lysozymes form an immune response that destroys glycan -then the wall collapses -destroys the backbone
67
What is the cell wall backbone
NAM and NAG
68
Positive cell wall damage due to lysosomes
Creates a very weakened cell, that only contains a plasma membrane —> water rushes in —> very quick cell death Protoplast
69
What happens to the negative cell wall during immune damage
Weakens layer —> spheroplast -cell can no longer divide and eventually fills with water leading to cell death
70
Spheroplast
Circular shape -cellular contents, plasma membrane and parts of cell wall -gram negative
71
Protoplast
Weekend cell only containing plasma membrane -gram positive cell wall
72
Antibiotics such as _____ does what to the cell wall?
-penicillin -breaks the cell wall and inhibits peptide bridge in peptidoglycan
73
The peptide bridge is the ….
Linkage
74
With penicillin gram positive walls are _____ susceptible because they have _____ peptidoglycan
MORE, MORE
75
With penicillin gram negative walls are _____ susceptible because they have _____ peptidoglycan
LESS, LESS
76
Plasma membrane move substances through
diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis and active transport
77
Simple diffusion
Net movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to low concentration -until equilibrium
78
Facilitated diffusion
Movement of ions or large molecules across the plasma membrane
79
Osmosis
Net movement of water molecules across selectively permeable membrane from high concentration to low
80
Cytoplasm
Substance inside plasma membrane
81
Nucleoid
Contains bacterial chromosome and DNA
82
Ribosome
Protein synthesis
83
Humans ribosomes vs prokaryote ribosomes
Humans: larger Pro: smaller
84
Endospores
Resting structures
85
Endospores are resistant to
Heat, lack of water and chemicals
86
How are Endospores formed
By dehydration and lack of nutrients
87
Family and species that make Endospores are
Bacillus and colistridium
88
Sporulation
Endospores formation
89
Germination
Return to vegetative state
90
Bacillus Endospores are which one
Anthrosis
91
Examples of Endospores in colistriudm
Tetini, botulinum, perfringous, difficule
92
Tetini
Tetnus
93
Botulinum
Germination in canned food
94
Perfringous
Gangrene
95
Difficle
Colitis, where colon cells fall off -sticks everywhere
96
Bacillus and colistirdum are both
Gram positive
97
What is the exception to Endospores all being gram positive
Coxiella (burnetti)
98
What is coxiella burnetti
Q fever, mild pneumonia -spreads through domestic animals
99
Simple steps of sporulation
1-DNA replicated, spore septum forms 2-septum fully formed 3- duplicated DNA is completely enclosed and floating within cell 4- peptidoglycan layer forms 5- spore coat forms 6- spore separates completely from mother cell
100
Cell walls of eukaryotic cells
Consists of polysaccharide cellulose
101
In eukaryotic cells ribosomes are…
Free floating
102
Organelles found in eukaryotic cells
-nucleus -ER -golgi complex -lysosomes -vacuous -mitochondria -chloroplast -peroxisomes -Centro some
103
Nuclear envelope
Double membrane surrounding nucleus
104
Nuclear ports
Are tiny channels that move substances between nucleus and cytoplasm
105
Nucleoi
Condensed regions of chromosomes -RNA is synthesized
106
Rough and smooth ER
Rough- protein synthesis and storage Smooth- lipid synthesis
107
Golgi complex
Transport pathway of proteins
108
Vacuoles
Space or cavity in the cytoplasm, temporary storage or bring food into cell
109
Chloroplasts
Found in green and algae plants -pigment and allows photosynthesis
110
Peroxisome
Oxidize various organic substances cues -H2O2

Microbiologyh (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions