Chapter 22 - Disease Of The Nervous System Flashcards
Bacterial meningitis
Inflammation of meninges, accumulation of WBC’s that causes swelling
Symptoms of bacterial meningitis
Initially severe headache, nausea, violent vomiting
-stiff neck
-convulsions, coma, possible death in 24 hours
-rapid diagnosis
Symptoms of bacteria meningitis for adults
Kernigs sign or stiff neck
Symptoms of bacterial meningitis for children
Stiffness of hamstring for children
Diagnosis for bacterial meningitis
Lumbar puncture, CSF, simple gram stain and quick treatment plan
Serology test, IG molecules prepared (antibodies)
Treatment for bacterial meningitis
Third generation of cephalosporin (safe drug)
-vaccine and do not share saliva contact
Bacterial meningitis - haemophilus influenza
> Who is susceptible, strains, prevention
-six month to four year old
-six strains A-F (most common is B, 95% of cases)
-prevention is the HIB vaccine
Bacterial meningitis - neisseria meningitis
> susceptible, symptoms, spread, one other
The most dangerous, very quick and fatal
-up to age five and young adults (or people in close proximity)
-symptoms—> throbbing headache, sore throat
-spreads in blood, causing tissue destruction
-petechiae
Petechiae
Bluish spots of dead tissue
-amputation, paralysis or deafness (residual damage)
Bacterial meningitis - streptococcus pneumoniae
-susceptible, strains, entry points, starts as
-up to age 5 (30%) and elderly (80%)
-82 strains (serology used)
-entry points—> sinusitis, otitis media, head and neck surgery, trauma
-starts as pneumoniae into brain
Bacterial meningitis - listeria monocytogenes
-spread by, susceptible, other
-listeriosis
-spread by food, psychotroph
-immunosuppressed or cancer
-older males, drinking and smoking
-pregnant women can transfer to fetus, causing very ill baby, stillborn, miscarriage
Bacterial meningitis - Escherichia coli
Transferred via birth canal
Tetanus is caused by
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium tetani
Rod, anaerobe, endospore lollypop, soil contamination
Tetanus toxin and symptoms
A and B exotoxin, blocks relaxation, inhibits GABA causing spasms
-spasms
-restlessness and irritability
-stiff neck, lock jaw, back spasms (opisthotonus)
Tetanus leads to death when
It’s targeted the cardiovascular and respiratory system
Botulism is caused by
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium botulinum
Rods, anaerobe, endospore lolly, soil contamination
Botulism
-strains: A, B, E, F will affect humans
-lethal form of food poisoning —> canned food, except tomato’s they are acidic
-takes 12 to 36 hours to develop
Botulism toxins and symptoms
A and B exotoxins
-inhibits acetylcholine, causing flaccid paralysis
Starts with dry mouth, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, constipation in children, blurred vision (first neural sign)
CV/R leads to death
Leprosy is caused by
Mycobacterium leprae
Mycobacterium leprae
Mycolic acid, rods, aerobic
-acid fast stain, long generation time
-resistant to environment and antibiotics
Leprosy is otherwise called
Hanson’s disease
Leprosy
-acid fast rod invades PNS or nerves
-growth and long generation time (mycolic acid)
-prolonged contact with infected person
Leprosy treatment
Dapsone, rifampin, clofazimine
Tuberculoid form
Nodular areas in skin
-loose sensation
-healable, just treat for six months
-cell mediated immunity
-paucebacillary
Lepromatous form
Loss of sensation and nodules
-nose falls apart
-claw shaped hand
-necrosis
-die to secondary infections
Poliomyelitis
Infantile paralysis
Poliomyelitis
-route, symptoms, other e
-fecal oral route
-symptoms: sore throat, nausea, enter lymph nodes and blood stream
Viremia
Viremia
Virus in blood
Transient form versus persistent form
T—> immune system beats it and there are no clinical symptoms, get better
P—> immune system weak and virus move into CNS and kills motor neurons causing paralysis
Poliomyelitis vaccines
-salik —> killed vaccine and made IDV, form of vaccine—> safe to take but need boosts
-sabin—> weakened virus and made OPV form of vaccine—> less expensive, easy to administer one dose
IDV vs OPV
IDV- inactivated polio vaccine
OPV- oral polio vaccine
