Chapter Eight Flashcards
Gene
Portion of DNA
-what is copied into a functional product
Genome
Entire genetic makeup
-include genes and nucleotide
-genetic information
Genetics
Study of genes and heredity
Enzyme DNA helicase
Unwinds DNA
Enzyme DNA gyrase
Stabilizes DNA stopping from zipping back up
Polymerase DNA
Creates the new DNA
-eats up RNA primer
-proofreads and facilitate repair
Polymerase RNA
Creates new RNA from a DNA template
DNA ligase
Joins up okazaki fragments
Antiparrellel nature
One of the strands of DNA is upsidown
-adds to stability
-end with a P is 5’
Transcription
DNA copied as RNA
-not entire DNA just a segment (gene)
Types of RNA
-ribosomal
-transfer
-messenger
Why during transcription does DNA only get copied as one strand?
Because RNA is a single strand
Where is DNA found in a prokaryote
Nucleotide (free floating cytoplasm)
Where in eukaryote is DNA found
Nucleus
-not free floating
-exists thru nuclear pores
RNA splicing
Cuts/shortens zip
-gets rid of intron but keeps axons
MRNA is coded into
Three RNA nucleotides called codons
TRNA contains
Anticodon
Anticodon reads
Codons
Prokaryote size of ribosomes
70s
-small
Eukaryote ribosome size
80s
-larger
Tetracycline erythromyicn
Targets 70s but leaves 80s
Methionene
Starting amino acid
-AUG
AUG
Start codon
Stop codon
Starts with U
-UGA
-UAA
-UAG
Genetic code
Set of rules
-determines how nucleotide is converted to amino acid
-universal
1 codon =
1 amino acid
Chromosomes
-contain DNA
-physically carry hereditary
-contain genes
DNA is composed of
nucleotides
Each strand of DNA is composed of
-alternating sugar and phosphate groups (backbone)
Each strand of DNA is held together by
Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases
Base pairs
Adenine-thymine
Guanine-cytosine
Flow of genetic information
DNA to RNA to protein
Genotype
All genetic makeup
-potential properties
Phenotypes
Actual expressed properties
___ is a manifestation of ____
Phenotype, genotype
Semiconservative replication
each new double stranded DNA molecule contains one original strand and one new strand
DNA polymerase can add new nucleotides to the ___ end only
3’
Leading strand
Synthesized continuously 5’ to 3’
Lagging strand
Synthesized discontinously in Okazaki fragments, which have to be joined later
Endonucleases
Cut DNA backbone in a strand of DNA
-facilitate repair and insertions
Exonucleases
Cut DNA from an exposed end of DNA
-facilitate repair
Primate
RNA polymerase that makes RNA primers from a DNA template
Transcription
Synthesis of complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template
Ribosomal RNA
The cellular machinery for protein synthesis alongside mRNA
Messenger RNA
Carries coded information for making specific proteins from DNA to ribosomes
-where proteins are synthesized
During transcription a strand of ___ is synthesized using a specific portion of the cells ___ as template
MRNA, DNA
Transcription vs translation
Transcription —> DNA to RNA
Translation—> RNA to protein
