Chapter Eight Flashcards by Ella Thorsteinson

Gene

Portion of DNA
-what is copied into a functional product

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Genome

Entire genetic makeup
-include genes and nucleotide
-genetic information

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Genetics

Study of genes and heredity

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Enzyme DNA helicase

Unwinds DNA

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Enzyme DNA gyrase

Stabilizes DNA stopping from zipping back up

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Polymerase DNA

Creates the new DNA
-eats up RNA primer
-proofreads and facilitate repair

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Polymerase RNA

Creates new RNA from a DNA template

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DNA ligase

Joins up okazaki fragments

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Antiparrellel nature

One of the strands of DNA is upsidown
-adds to stability
-end with a P is 5’

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Transcription

DNA copied as RNA
-not entire DNA just a segment (gene)

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Types of RNA

-ribosomal
-transfer
-messenger

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Why during transcription does DNA only get copied as one strand?

Because RNA is a single strand

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Where is DNA found in a prokaryote

Nucleotide (free floating cytoplasm)

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Where in eukaryote is DNA found

Nucleus
-not free floating
-exists thru nuclear pores

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RNA splicing

Cuts/shortens zip
-gets rid of intron but keeps axons

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MRNA is coded into

Three RNA nucleotides called codons

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TRNA contains

Anticodon

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Anticodon reads

Codons

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Prokaryote size of ribosomes

70s
-small

Eukaryote ribosome size

80s
-larger

Tetracycline erythromyicn

Targets 70s but leaves 80s

Methionene

Starting amino acid
-AUG

AUG

Start codon

Stop codon

Starts with U
-UGA
-UAA
-UAG

Genetic code

Set of rules -determines how nucleotide is converted to amino acid -universal

1 codon =

1 amino acid

Chromosomes

-contain DNA -physically carry hereditary -contain genes

DNA is composed of

nucleotides

Each strand of DNA is composed of

-alternating sugar and phosphate groups (backbone)

Each strand of DNA is held together by

Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases

Base pairs

Adenine-thymine Guanine-cytosine

Flow of genetic information

DNA to RNA to protein

Genotype

All genetic makeup -potential properties

Phenotypes

Actual expressed properties

___ is a manifestation of ____

Phenotype, genotype

Semiconservative replication

each new double stranded DNA molecule contains one original strand and one new strand

DNA polymerase can add new nucleotides to the ___ end only

3’

Leading strand

Synthesized continuously 5’ to 3’

Lagging strand

Synthesized discontinously in Okazaki fragments, which have to be joined later

Endonucleases

Cut DNA backbone in a strand of DNA -facilitate repair and insertions

Exonucleases

Cut DNA from an exposed end of DNA -facilitate repair

Primate

RNA polymerase that makes RNA primers from a DNA template

Transcription

Synthesis of complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template

Ribosomal RNA

The cellular machinery for protein synthesis alongside mRNA

Messenger RNA

Carries coded information for making specific proteins from DNA to ribosomes -where proteins are synthesized

During transcription a strand of ___ is synthesized using a specific portion of the cells ___ as template

MRNA, DNA

Transcription vs translation

Transcription —> DNA to RNA Translation—> RNA to protein