Chapter Five

Question 1

Enzyme (four stats)

Answer 1

-biological catalyst
-increases likelihood of reaction
-specific
-unharmed after reaction

Question 2

What does it mean by enzymes being a biological catalyst

Answer 2

Speeds up a reaction but is not used up

Question 3

How are enzymes specific

Answer 3

Has to fit into a ‘lock and key’ figure
-specific active site

Question 4

Simple enzymes are made up of

Answer 4

Proteins

Question 5

Conjugative enzyme is made up of

Answer 5

Apoenzyme (protein) and cofactor (non protein)

Question 6

Apoenzyme is the

Answer 6

Protein portion

Question 7

Cofactor is the

Answer 7

Non protein portion

Question 8

Examples of inorganic cofactors

Answer 8

Mg+, Mn+, Fe+

Question 9

Examples of organic cofactors

Answer 9

Coenzyme

Question 10

Coenzyme

Answer 10

Are vitamins, mostly a form of vitamin B

Question 11

What are the five different coenzymes

Answer 11

-NAD+
-NADP+
-FAD
-FMN
-Coenzyme A

Question 12

NAD stands for

Answer 12

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Question 13

NADP stands for

Answer 13

Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Question 14

FAD stands for

Answer 14

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

Question 15

FMN stands for

Answer 15

Flavin mononucleotide

Question 16

Coenzyme A stands for

Question 17

Coenzymes are.. Electron carriers, this means what?

Answer 17

-particles from one breakdown to another (spreads)
-completes the enzyme (activates)

Question 18

Influencing factors of enzymes (four)

Answer 18

-temperature
-pH
-substrate concentration
-inhibitors

Question 19

How does temperature influence enzymes

Answer 19

Increased temperature = increased activity

Question 20

What does an optimal level mean in reference to enzymes?

Answer 20

The most effective level, any higher would result in rapid declining of enzymatic activity

Question 21

How does pH impact enzyme activity

Answer 21

Increased pH = increased activity
-any higher than 7 will result in desaturation

Question 22

How does substrate concentration affect enzyme activity

Answer 22

-it is the total available active sites
-once all active sites are used up, the amount of enzyme activity would hault and stay at a certain maximum level

Question 23

How do competitive inhibitors affect enzyme activity

Answer 23

Take the place of other enzymes, by mimicking and alter activity

Question 24

Sulfanilamide

Answer 24

Mimics PABA
-leads to bacterial cell death
-cannot give in third trimester

-is a competitive inhibitor

Question 25

PABA stands for

Answer 25

Para Amino Benzoic Acid

Question 26

PABA does what

Answer 26

Creates the precursor to folic enzyme

Question 27

Folic enzyme does what

Answer 27

Precursor to DNA

Question 28

Folic enzyme is usually just

Answer 28

Taken directly from diet

Question 29

Non competitive inhibitors

Answer 29

Attach at allosteric site, change shape of active site so the enzymatic energy is stopped

Question 30

Feedback inhibition

Answer 30

End product shuts down pathway back at beginning

Question 31

What is the key enzymatic reaction taking place

Answer 31

Oxidative reduction reaction

Question 32

Oxidation

Answer 32

Getting more positive -removal of electrons (-) -loss of protons (+) -dehydrogenate

Question 33

Reduction

Answer 33

Getting more negative -gain electrons (-) -gain protons (+) -hydrogenation

Question 34

Hydrogenative

Answer 34

Adding hydrogen -processed food like margarine

Question 35

Phosphorlizing formula

Answer 35

ADP + P —> ATP (Using an enzyme)

Question 36

Substrate level of phosphorlizing

Answer 36

c-c-c-c-c-c-P + ADP —-> ATP + c-c-c-c-c-c

Question 37

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 37

Energy released from the transfer of electrons of one compound to another that generates ATP

Question 38

Transferring electrons would be

Answer 38

Oxidative

Question 39

Receiving new electrons would be

Answer 39

Reduction

Question 40

Photophosphorlyation

Answer 40

Using light and chlorophyll to create ATP -not used in bacteria since there is non light

Question 41

Glycolysis

Answer 41

breakdown of glucose to pyruvate acid producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH -same redox

Question 42

Krebs cycle

Answer 42

Produces 3 NADH and 2 FAD2H and 1 ATP

Question 43

Electron transport chain

Answer 43

Series of carrier molecules that produces 38 ATP by cheimosmosis (net 36)

Question 44

For each NADH and FADH produced how much ATP is produced

Answer 44

NADH = 3 FADH = 2