Chapter Five Flashcards
Enzyme (four stats)
-biological catalyst
-increases likelihood of reaction
-specific
-unharmed after reaction
What does it mean by enzymes being a biological catalyst
Speeds up a reaction but is not used up
How are enzymes specific
Has to fit into a ‘lock and key’ figure
-specific active site
Simple enzymes are made up of
Proteins
Conjugative enzyme is made up of
Apoenzyme (protein) and cofactor (non protein)
Apoenzyme is the
Protein portion
Cofactor is the
Non protein portion
Examples of inorganic cofactors
Mg+, Mn+, Fe+
Examples of organic cofactors
Coenzyme
Coenzyme
Are vitamins, mostly a form of vitamin B
What are the five different coenzymes
-NAD+
-NADP+
-FAD
-FMN
-Coenzyme A
NAD stands for
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADP stands for
Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate
FAD stands for
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
FMN stands for
Flavin mononucleotide
Coenzyme A stands for
Coenzymes are.. Electron carriers, this means what?
-particles from one breakdown to another (spreads)
-completes the enzyme (activates)
Influencing factors of enzymes (four)
-temperature
-pH
-substrate concentration
-inhibitors
How does temperature influence enzymes
Increased temperature = increased activity
What does an optimal level mean in reference to enzymes?
The most effective level, any higher would result in rapid declining of enzymatic activity
How does pH impact enzyme activity
Increased pH = increased activity
-any higher than 7 will result in desaturation
How does substrate concentration affect enzyme activity
-it is the total available active sites
-once all active sites are used up, the amount of enzyme activity would hault and stay at a certain maximum level
How do competitive inhibitors affect enzyme activity
Take the place of other enzymes, by mimicking and alter activity
Sulfanilamide
Mimics PABA
-leads to bacterial cell death
-cannot give in third trimester
-is a competitive inhibitor
PABA stands for
Para Amino Benzoic Acid
PABA does what
Creates the precursor to folic enzyme
Folic enzyme does what
Precursor to DNA
Folic enzyme is usually just
Taken directly from diet
Non competitive inhibitors
Attach at allosteric site, change shape of active site so the enzymatic energy is stopped
Feedback inhibition
End product shuts down pathway back at beginning
What is the key enzymatic reaction taking place
Oxidative reduction reaction
Oxidation
Getting more positive
-removal of electrons (-)
-loss of protons (+)
-dehydrogenate
Reduction
Getting more negative
-gain electrons (-)
-gain protons (+)
-hydrogenation
Hydrogenative
Adding hydrogen
-processed food like margarine
Phosphorlizing formula
ADP + P —> ATP
(Using an enzyme)
Substrate level of phosphorlizing
c-c-c-c-c-c-P + ADP —-> ATP + c-c-c-c-c-c
Oxidative phosphorylation
Energy released from the transfer of electrons of one compound to another that generates ATP
Transferring electrons would be
Oxidative
Receiving new electrons would be
Reduction
Photophosphorlyation
Using light and chlorophyll to create ATP
-not used in bacteria since there is non light
Glycolysis
breakdown of glucose to pyruvate acid producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH
-same redox
Krebs cycle
Produces 3 NADH and 2 FAD2H and 1 ATP
Electron transport chain
Series of carrier molecules that produces 38 ATP by cheimosmosis (net 36)
For each NADH and FADH produced how much ATP is produced
NADH = 3
FADH = 2
