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Anatomy > Chapter 9- Muscles > Flashcards

Chapter 9- Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

the scientific study of muscles

A

myology

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2
Q

function of muscular system

A
  • Maintain posture and body position
  • movement
  • heat production
  • guard orifices
  • support visceral organs
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3
Q

properties of muscles

A
  • excitability
  • contractility
  • extensibility
  • elasticity
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4
Q

property of muscle — the ability to receive and respond to electrical or chemical stimuli

A

excitability

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5
Q

property of muscle— the ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated

A

contractility

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6
Q

property of muscle— ability to be stretched without damaging the tissue

A

extensibility

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7
Q

property of muscle— ability to return to original shape after being stretched

A

elasticity

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8
Q

composition of muscle

A

organs and consist of many tissues, arteries, veins, nerves, lymphatics, contractile muscle cells

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9
Q

characteristics of muscle

A
  • attaches to bone, skin or fascia
  • striated with light and dark bands
  • voluntary control
  • long, thin and multi-nucleated
  • arranged into packages that attach to and cover the bony skeleton
  • contracts rapidly, but tire easily
  • may exert great force
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10
Q

1 muscle =

A

fiber

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11
Q

main portion of a muscle— attached to tendons

A

Belly (Gaster)

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12
Q

are attached to bone

A

tendon

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13
Q

dense irregular CT around muscle. holds muscle in place and separates it from other muscles

A

deep fascia

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14
Q

Loose CT beneath the skin, surrounds several muscles

A

subcutaneous fascia

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15
Q

layers of fascia

A

deep fascia and subcutaneous fascia

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16
Q

many muscle fibers bundled together into groups

A

fascicle

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17
Q

10 -100 muscle cells =

A

muscle fibers

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18
Q

several fascicles together =

A

muscle

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19
Q

all connective tissue extend beyond the muscle belly to form…. part of CT framework of muscle

A

tendon

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20
Q

tendon may form thick flattened sheet called

A

aponeuroses

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21
Q

skeletal muscle CT that surrounds the whole muscle

A

epimysium

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22
Q

skeletal muscle CT that surrounds the fascicles

A

perimysium

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23
Q

skeletal muscle CT that separates individual muscle fibers (cells)

A

endomysium

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24
Q

embryonic cells (stem cells) that fuse to form muscle fibers

A

myoblasts

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25
Q

embryonic cells (myoblasts) fuse together into 1 long multi nucleated cells create =

A

muscle fiber

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26
Q

myoblasts that do not fuse together…. assist in repair of damaged cells

A

myosatellite

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27
Q

cytoplasm of fiber

A

sarcoplasm

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28
Q

plasma membrane of a fiber

A

sarcolemma

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29
Q

extension of the sarcolemma in to the sarcoplasm. weaved within the the entire cell. allows for change in permeability of membrane to exist within the cells.

A

transverse tubule

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30
Q

contractile organelles. extend the length of the fiber. surrounded by the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

myofibrils

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31
Q

the functional unit of a myofibril. made up of thick and thin filaments

A

sarcomere

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32
Q

type of sarcomere– twisted protein with globular head. 1.6 micro meter long. 500 thick. contains a head, hinge and tail

A

myosin/thick filament

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33
Q

500 myosins interwoven together =

A

thick filament

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34
Q

components of thin filaments

A

actin and regulatory proteins– topomyosin and troponin

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35
Q

type of sarcomere that is the structural protein. double helical beaded string. contains active site for bonding to myosin

A

actin

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36
Q

type of sarcomere, thin filament– regulatory protin that allows for the attachment between actin and mysoin

A

tropomyosin and troponin

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37
Q

regulatory protein of thin filament that covers the active site of the actin– preventing binding to myosin

A

tropomyosin

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38
Q

regulatory protein of thin filament that has job to move tropomyosin off of the active site of actin when right concentration of Calcium is sensed

A

troponin

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39
Q

causes the striated appearance of muscle

A

sarcomere bands

40
Q

band that is the entire thick filament range (length)

A

A band

41
Q

band that only incorporates thin filaments

A

I band

42
Q

band that only incorporated thick filaments

A

H band

43
Q

part of band that incorporates both thick and thin filaments

A

zone of overlap

44
Q

divide and flank the sarcomere

A

sarcomere lines

45
Q

the line that is at the end of the sarcomere. made of actin protein and anchors the filaments

A

Z line

46
Q

the line that is in the middle of the sarcomere and helps to stabilize thick filaments– stacked parallel. made of myosin.

A

M line

47
Q

structural protein that anchors the thick filament to a Z line. accounts fir the elasticity and extensibility

A

Titin

48
Q

structural protein that holds F actin together in think filaments– base that double helical actin wraps around

A

nebulin

49
Q

makes up the Z line. hold the thin filaments in place

A

actinin

50
Q

neuron + all muscle cells stimulated by the 1 neuron

A

motor unit

51
Q

point of contact between the neuron and the muscle– where neuron meets fiber

A

neuromuscular junction

52
Q

end of axon that contact motor end plate– part of neuron that makes contact with fibers

A

synaptic terminal

53
Q

part of fiber that makes contact to synaptic terminal. built to receive neurotransmitter released by neuron

A

motor end plate

54
Q

neurotransmitter involved in skeletal muscle contraction

A

acetlycholine

55
Q

chemical signal that travels from synaptic terminal to the motor end plate

A

neurotransmitter

56
Q

gap between the muscle fiber and the synaptic terminal

A

synaptic cleft

57
Q

tension produced by a muscle is determined by….

A

frequency of stimulation and number of motor units stimulated

58
Q

all fibers in a motor unit fully contract if stimulated

A

all or none law

59
Q

steady increase in tension by increasing the number of contracting motor units

A

recruitment

60
Q

muscle never begins to relax, continuous fused conctraction

A

tetanus

61
Q

when motor units contract randomly– tension but no movement. stabilizes joints, holds objects in place and maintains posture

A

muscle tone

62
Q

constant, exhaustive stimulation that increases the number of organelles/proteins in a muscle fiber– increase in mitochondria, glycolytic enzyme reserves, myofibrils, filaments within myofibrils– overall enlargement of the muscle

A

hypertrophy

63
Q

lack of constant motor neuron stimulation reduces organelles and proteins– due to age, hormones, lack of use and nerve damage– reversible if not dead

A

atrophy

64
Q

attachment site that does not move

A

origin

65
Q

attachment site that moves

A

insertion

66
Q

tension

A

force

67
Q

fascicles parallel to long axis– unidirectional force

ex: biceps brachi

A

parallel muscles

68
Q

fan shaped. multidirectional force. versatility. generates least amount of force. ex: pectoralis major

A

convergent muscles

69
Q

feather shaped muscles. fascicles oblique to long axis. tendon passes through muscle. greatest force. ex: deltoid

A

pennate muscles

70
Q

concentric fascicles around and opening. contraction decreases lumen diameter. ex: orbicularis oculi

A

circular muscles

71
Q

rotation around one axis

A

unidirectional

72
Q

movements of unidirectional muscle

A

rotation and hinge

73
Q

movement occurs in two axes

A

biaxial

74
Q

movements if biaxial muscle

A

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

75
Q

movement on all axes

A

multidirectional

76
Q

movements of multiaxial muscle

A

angular motion, rotation, circumduction

77
Q

main muscle causing directional force

A

agonist

78
Q

muscle that contracts to oppose agonist

A

antagonist

79
Q

muscle that assists/ modifies movement

A

synergist

80
Q

muscle that stabilizes elements associated with agonists

A

fixator

81
Q

example of antagonist

A

tricepts brachi

82
Q

example of synergists

A

brachialis and pronator teres

83
Q

example of fixator

A

deltoid stabilizes glenohumeral joint

84
Q

component of lever system– skeletal element

A

lever

85
Q

component of lever system– applied force

A

effort

86
Q

component of lever system– joint

A

fulcrum

87
Q

component of lever system– body part or object moved

A

resistance

88
Q

fast acting, high energy requirement. anaerobic. densely packed myofibrils. large glycogen reserves, few mitochondria. rapid, powerful brief contractions

A

fast fibers

89
Q

more myoglobin. slower sustained contractions. aerobic. smaller diameter. takes longer to contract. contract for longer time period

A

slow fibers

90
Q

attributes of both fast and slow fibers, more similar to fast fibers. great resistance to fatigue

A

intermediate fibers

91
Q

smooth muscle characteristics

A
  • attached to hair follicles in the skin
  • in walls of hollow organs and blood vessels
  • nonstriated
  • involuntary control
  • contractions are slow and sustained
  • spindle shaped
  • very elastic
92
Q

type of muscle that contracts slowly. resistant to fatigue and is stimulated by nervous system, hormones, ions, and stretching

A

smooth muscle

93
Q

type of smooth muscles

A

single unit and multi unit

94
Q

many gap junctions. sheets of spindle- shaped cells. contract together (in sync with each other)

A

single unit smooth muscle

95
Q

no or few gap junctions. sepeerate fibers– contract independently. only contract when stimulated by motor nerve

A

multi-unit smooth muscle type

96
Q

type or muscle– striated in appearance. involuntary control. autorhythmic. network of fibers with intercalated disks at ends. found only in heart

A

cardiac muscle

Anatomy (17 decks)

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