CHapter 8 Appendicular Flashcards
holds bone together but may not permit movement. has point of contact between bone-bone, bone-cartilage, tooth-bone
joints
study of joints
arthrology
study of motion
kinesiology
joint that lacks synovial cavity. bones held together by fibrous dense connective tissue. little to no movement. 3 types
fibrous joints
3 types of fibrous joints
sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue unites bones of the skull. synarthrosis. if fused in adults = synostosis
sutures
fibrous joint. bones united by ligament. slightly moveable (amphiarthrosis). dense regular CT
syndesmosis
ligament holds cone-shaped peg in bony socket. immovable (synarthrosis). Ex teeth and alveolar processes of maxilla
gomphosis
lacks synovial cavity
allows little to no movement
bones tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
2 types
cartilage joints
two types of cartilage joints
synchondroses and symphyses
connecting material = hyaline cartilage snyarthrosis hyaline between 2 types of bone tissue epiphyseal plate or joints between ribs and sternum when fusion occurs it becomes synostosis
synchondrosis
growth of bone and endochondrial ossification catches up with growth of cartilage and everything grows together
synostosis
fibrocartilage is connecting material
amphiarthroses
intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis
symphysis
features of synovial joint
separated by fluid filled cavity; two layers (synovial membrane and articular cartilage); synovial fluid
function of synovial fluid
lubricate the joints, nourish chondrocytes, shock absorber
reinforces and strengthens joint capsule. connects bone to bone with dense regular CT
ligaments
synovial joint ligament type– outside joint capsule. ex: collaterals
extracapsular ligament
synovial joint ligament type– within the capsule. ex: cruciates
intracapsular ligament
pads of fibrous cartilage that subdivides a cavity. also known as menisci. ex: ulnolunate joint; knee joint
articular discs of synovial joint
function of articular discs of synovial joint
channel fluid of synovial fluid, modify articular surfaces; restrict movements at joint; cushion articulating surfaces; help to distribute body weight
adipose tissue surrounding the synovial capsule
fat pads of synovial joint
function of fat pads of synovial joint
protects articular cartilage, packing material, fills spaces when joint changes shape
small fluid filled pockets of connective tissue
found in hypodermis between tendons/ ligaments and bones
bursae of synovial joint
function of bursa in synovial joint
cushion and support, aid movement of tendons; stop friction
type of movement- two opposing surfaces slide past one another
gliding
a change in angle between the shaft and the articular surface
angular movement
a type of angular motion– rotation around the shaft while changing the angle
circumduction
spinning of the shaft without changing the angle
rotation
type of angular movement– moving away from the midline
abduction
type of angular movement– moving toward the midline
adduction
increasing the angle
extension
decreasing the angle
flexion
increasing angle beyond normal
hyperextension
- bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved.
- side to side movement only
- rotation prevented by ligaments
ex: intercarpal and intertarsal joints
plane joint
- convex surface of one bones fits into concave surface of 2nd bone
- uniaxial
- ex: knee, elbow
- flexion, extension and hyperextension
hinge joint
- rounded surface of bone articulations with ring formed by 2nd bone and ligament
- uniaxial– allows only rotation around longitudinal axis
- ex: proximal radioulnar joint
- supination, pronation, turning head
pivot joint
intervertebral articulation– vertebrae articulate at superior and inferior articular processes
- plane joint
- restricts lateral movement
zygapophysial
allows flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation
- 2 types: anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
discs
part of discs within the vertebrae– fibrocartilage of discs
anulus fibrosus
jelly like packaging found on inside of discs
nucleus pulposus
“slipped disc. nucleus pulposus breaks through the annulus fibrosus– caused when too much, uneven pressure is added onto the disc– movements of vertebral column compresses nucleus
herniated disc
glenohumeral joint– head of humerus meets glenoid cavity. glenoid cavity covered by glenoid labrum
shoulder
a ring of dense irregular connective tissue attached to the margin of the glenoid cavity
glenoid labrum
oval shaped projection fits into oval depression. biaxial (flexion/extension, adduction/abduction). EX: wrist and metacarpals
condylar joint
one bone saddled-shaped other bone fits into it. biaxial– circumduction allows thumb to travel in a circle. opposition allows tip of thumb to touch other tip of other finger
EX: trapezium or carpus and metacarpal of thumb
saddle joint
ball fitting into a cuplike depression. Multiaxial (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation) EX: shoulder joint and hip joint
ball and socket joint
modified hinge joint. between condylar process of mandible and mandibular fossa. condyles slide back and forth along joint socket. 2 synovial joints
temporomandibular joint
tibiofemoral joint– hinge (flexion/ extension, some rotation) & patellofemoral joint (plane– gliding)
knee joint
ankle joints (3)
tibiotalar, tibiofibular, fibulotalar
what movement is ankle joint involved in
dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
foot joints
intertarsal, tarsometatarsal,metatarsalphalangeal, interphalangeal
plane joints between tarsals
intertarsal foot joint
plane joints between tarsals and metatarsals
tarsometatarsal foot joint
condylar joints between metatarsals and digits
metatarsophalangeal foot joint
hinge joint in digits
interphalangeal
involves two joints: humerus and uluna (hinge)– flexion and tension; and ulna and radius (pivot)– pronation and supination
elbow
radiocarpal joint, intercarpal joint, and carpometacarpal joints, metacarpophalengeal, interphalangeal joints involved in
wrist and hand joints
radius and 3 proximal carpals– involve flexion/extension, adduction/abduction
radicarpal joint of wrist and hand
plane joint in wrist and hand
intercarpal joints
thumb (saddle) and other digits (plane) of wrist and hand
carpometacarpal joints
hand to fingers (condylar)– adduction/abduction and flexion/extension in wrist and hand
metacarpophalengeal joint
fingers (hinge)– felxion extension. in the hand and wrist
interphalangeal joints
femoral head meets acetabulum of pelvs
ball and socket
labrum extends the size of the acetabulum
hip joint
