Chapter 5- Skeletal system Flashcards
two divisons
axial and appendicular
head and center of body (skull, ribs, vertebral column)
axial skeleton
movement (limbs, pelvis)
appendicular skeleton
two types of bone tissue
compact and spongy
type of bone tissue; dense, smooth bone
compact bone
type of bone tissue; bone with open spaces
spongy bone
components of the skeletal system
cartilage, bone, tendons, ligaments
fxn of skeletal system
protection, support, movement, storage, blood cell production
most common, but weakest type of cartilage
LEAST FIBROUS
FOUND WHERE COMPRESSION OCCURS
structure: chrondrocytes, chondrotin sulfate, some collagen
location: embryonic skeleton, articular surfaces, resp passage, nasal septum, between ribs and sternum
hyaline cartilage
structure: chrondrocytes, chrondrotin sulfate, densely packed elastic fibers in matrix
flexible– allows for tension
location; auricle, tip and lateral walls of nose, epiglottis
elastic cartilage
structure: chrondrocytes, chrondrotin sulfates, densely packed collagen fibers
VERY STRONG. resists tension and compression
location: intervertebral disc, public symphysis, articular cartilage in knee
fibrocartilage
fibrous connective tissue sheet that surrounds cartilage; provides support and protection and new chondrocytes to make new cartilage
location: hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage
perichondrium
two layers of perichondrium
outer and inner
layer of perichondrium that binds cartilage to adjacent tissues; provides support and protection– CTP that binds
outer layer of perichondrium
layer of perichondrium that it known fro growth and maintenance– where the tissue comes from
inner layer of perichondrium
growth process in which one adds to the outside
apositional growth
growth process in which one adds from the inside out
interstitial growth
supportive connective tissue that contains specialized cells. has a solid extra cellular matrix that contains fibers in the bone tissue (osteoids)
osseous tissue
mesenchymal cell that plays a role in initial bone growth and fracture repair. precursor to osteoblasts
osteoprogenitor
derived from osteogenic cells. secrete osteoid. common in growing bone. before osteocytes. INCREASED ACTIVITY = STRONGER BONE
osteoblast
mature bone cells. exist within the matrix. maintain Ca an PO4. found in spaces of the lacunae
osteocytes
involved in osteolysis (break down of bone tissue)// breaks down the matrix. INCREASED ACTIVITY = WEAKER BONES. very large cell that is formed from many white blood stem cells
osteoclasts
a unit of compact bone. involves concentric lamellae of matrix surrounding the central canal. contains blood and nerves. connected to each other by perforating canals
osteons
type of lamellae where layers of bone surround the central canal. it is made up of osteons
concentric lamellae
type of lamellae found between osteons. represents older osteons partially removed during tissue remodeling
interstitual lamellae
type of lamellae that surrounds the compact bone. it is directly produced from the periosteum
circumferential lamellae
type of bone that contain trabeculae, osteocytes in the lacunae, has canaliculi and matrix. DOES NOT HAVE OSTEONS OR CENTRAL CANAL
spongy bone
latticework of thin plates of bone oriented along lines of stress. spaces filled with red marrow when blood cells can develop. found on ends of long bones and inside flat bones. lightens the bone for easier movement
trabeculae
encloses bone. absent at site of attachment of muscles, tendons and ligament– surfaces covered by articular cartilage. has two layers
periosteum
layer of periosteum that gives rise to collagen
outer fibrous layer of periosteum
layer of perisoteum used for growth or new cells and maintenance
inner layer of periosteum
one cell layer. covers surfaces of spongy bone and medullary cavity. cell types found here osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
endosteum
shaft of the bone
diaphysis
one end of a long bone
epiphysis
growth plate region of the bone
metaphysis
found over joint surfaces. acts as friction and shock absorbers
articular cartilage
marrow cavity of the bone
medullary cavity
type of bone marrow– areolar and adipose CT. found in meduallary cavity of long bones. stores energy and is absent in infants
yellow marrow
type of bone marrow– areolar and myeloid tissue. produces all types of blood cells. found in medullary cavities of infants and spongy bone in adults
red marrow
provides blood and nerve supply to periosteum
periosteal arteries
supplies compact bone of diaphysis and yellow marrow. enters through nutrient foramen
nutrient arteries
supply red marrow and bone tissue of epiphyses and metaphyses
metaphyseal and epipyseal arteries
replacing connective tissue with bone
ossification
types of ossification
intramembranous and endochondral
type of ossification that transforms mesenchymal cells to spongy bone
intramembranous ossification
type of ossification that transforms hyaline cartilage to spongy bone
endochondral ossification
break that does not penetrate the skin
simple break
break when broken bone penetrates through skin
compound break
abnormal reduction of bone mass– due to loss of estrogen at menopause, deficiency of minerals in youth, imbalance in activity between osteoblasts and osteoclasts
osteoporosis
