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Anatomy > Chapter 24- respiratory > Flashcards

Chapter 24- respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

respiratory system consist of

A

upper and lower respiratory system

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2
Q

what makes up the upper respiratory system

A

nose, pharynx, nasal cavity, and sinues

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3
Q

function of the upper respiratory system

A

filter, warm, and humidify air and bring in to and from the lower resp system

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4
Q

what makes up the lower respiratory system

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

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5
Q

gas exchange surface in the lower respiratory system

A

alveoli

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6
Q

function of the resp system

A

extensive SA for gas exchange

  • move air to and from exchange surface
  • protect exchange surfaces from damage
  • produce vocalization
  • regulate blood volume, pH, pressure
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7
Q

functional parameters of each resp surface

A
  • inc SA of the membrane
  • decrease thickness of the resp membrane
  • highly vascularize the resp membrane– maximize conc gradient
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8
Q

encloses the nasal vestibule. involves cartilage, nasal bone, and external nares

A

nose

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9
Q

cartilages of the external nose

A

lateral nasal

major and minor alar

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10
Q

function of the nasal vestibule

A

protected by hairs
opens into nasal cavity
divided by nasal septum

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11
Q

starts at nasal vestibule and ends at internal nares.

divided in two by the nasal septum. separated from the oral cavity, muscus membrane lined

A

nasal cavity

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12
Q

oral cavity contains

A

hard and soft palate

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13
Q

make up of the hard palate

A

palatine and maxilla

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14
Q

superior region of nasal cavity. all areas have olfactory receptors

A

olfactory region

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15
Q

areas in the nasal cavity that are lined with olfactory receptors

A

cribform palate, superior nasal conchae and superior septum

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16
Q

three projections of bone on each side of the nasal cavity. involve the ethmoid and inferior nasal conchae bone

A

conchae

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17
Q

the 3 nasal conchaes

A

sup, inf, and middlw

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18
Q

function of the nasal conchaes

A

divide the cavity into passages, support mucous membranes, increase surface area, increase turbulance– filter out airborne particles

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19
Q

air filled sacs within cranial bones. open into the nasal cavity. lined with mucous membranes

A

sinuses

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20
Q

sinuses

A

maxilla, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid

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21
Q

function of the sinuese

A

decrease weight of the skull, produce mucus, and resonant chamber

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22
Q

shared pasasge way for respiratory and digestive system. 3 parts– oro, naso, laryngo

A

pharynx/ throat

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23
Q

part of pharynx that is above the uvula and posterior to internal nares

A

nasopharynx

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24
Q

part of pharynx where portion is visible in the mirror

A

oropharynx

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25
Q

part of pharynx that is between the hyoid and the esophagus

A

laryngopharynx

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26
Q

function of the pharynx

A

passage way for food, passage way fro air, sound production

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27
Q

layers of the respiratory tree

A

mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cart, trachealis muscle

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28
Q

goblet cells in psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

mucosa

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29
Q

areolar CT + serous and mucous glands

A

submucosa

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30
Q

transverse and longitudinal smooth muscle— more muscle as one moves closer to the lungs

A

trachealis muscle

31
Q

enlargement in airway at top of trachea and below pharynx

A

larynx

32
Q

function of larynx

A

routes air and food to the proper channels. surrounds and protects glottis and houses vocal cords

33
Q

opening into the larynx

A

glottis

34
Q

composition of the larynx

A

muscle and cartilage held together by elastic tissue

35
Q

cartilages of the larynx

A 
thyroid
cricoid
arytenoid
corniculate
cuneiform
epiglottis
36
Q

cartilage in larynx that is your adams apple

A

thyroid

37
Q

cartilage that supports the posterior larynx

A

cricoid

38
Q

cartilage that attach and control vocal cords

A

arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages

39
Q

cartilage that projects into pharynx and covers glottis during swallowing

A

epiglottis

40
Q

folds in mucous membrane. involves vestibular folds and vocal folds

A

vocal cord

41
Q

false vocal cord that has no vocal productions. muscle that helps close larynx during swallowing

A

vestibular folds

42
Q

true vocal cords that cause sound production

A

vocal folds

43
Q

process of speaking

A

air pushed past vocal fold whic causes vibrations. pitch controlled by changing tension of cords. volume related to force of air over cords. oral cavity lips and tongue change sound

44
Q

flexible tube that connects larynx with bronchi

A

trachea

45
Q

compostion of trachea

A

inner wall

46
Q

ciliated mucous membrane with goblet cells– beat continuously and expel mucous loaded with debris– 20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage

A

inner wall of trachea

47
Q

function of of the trachea

A

filter and direct incoming air. cartilage rings prevent collapsing. soft tissues in back allow esophagus to expand

48
Q

formed by the division of trachea. split by carina. enter lungs via hilus. subdivide into smaller and smaller branches

A

bronchi

49
Q

smaller branches of the bronchi

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, brinchioles

50
Q

differences between the two sides of the brinchi

A

right = wider, shorter, straighter

  • divides into 3 parts bc 3 lobes in right lung
  • superior bronchi divides very early
51
Q

tertiary bronchi branch many times to form these. smooth muscle dominant and little cartilage as move down. terminal ones branch to form respiratory bronchiles

A

bronchioles

52
Q

smooth muscle dominant and little cartilage bronchioles perform these actions

A

bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction

53
Q

2 parts of alveoli

A

ducts and sacs

54
Q

contain several alveoli. formed from alveolar ducts

A

alveolar sacs

55
Q

150 million per lung. each associated with a network of capillaries and an abundance of elastic fibers

A

alveoli

56
Q

alveolus consist of

A

pneumocyte type 1,2 cells, basal lamina, capillary network, connective tissues

57
Q

cells in alveouls that are made of simple squamous epithelium for gas exchange. moist lining that aids diffusion across respiratory membrane

A

pneumocyte type 1 cells

58
Q

cells in alveolus that have no gas exchange. secrete pulmonary surfactant which function to prevent alveolar walls from sticking

A

pneumocyte type 2 cells

59
Q

fluid with a lower cohesive force than water that will prevent alveolar walls from sticking– the collapse of the alveoli

A

surfactant

60
Q

connective tissue of alveolus

A

fibroblasts and macrophages

61
Q

connective tissue in alveolus that is made of elastic and reticular fibers

A

fibroblasts

62
Q

connective tissue in the alveolus that is made of phagocytes

A

macrophages

63
Q

found in the thoracic cavity. is surrounded by 2 membranes and seperated by another

A

lungs

64
Q

lungs surrounded by two membranes

A

parietal and visceral

65
Q

lungs seperated by one membrane

A

pleural cavity

66
Q

structure of lungs

A

apex, base, hilus, lobes

67
Q

area of lungs where all vessels and brinchi enter

A

hilus

68
Q

number of lobes of right and left. seperated by?

A

right = 3 and left = 2; sperated by fissures

69
Q

how breathing works

A
  • dependent on volume changes in thoracic cavity
  • volume changes lead to pressure changes
  • when pressure changes, gas flow in to equalize pressure
70
Q

2 processes of breathing

A

inspiration and expiration

71
Q

inspiration

A

diaphragm and external intercostals muscles contract:

  • thoracic cavity expands
  • pressure in pleural cavity dec
  • lungs expand into lower pressure area
  • pressure in lungs dec
  • air moves into lungs to equalize presure
72
Q

expiration// tidal expiration

A

a passive process:

  • muscle relax
  • recoil shrinks thoraci cavity
  • pressure in pleural cavity dec
  • lungs compress
  • pressure in lungs inc
  • air moves out to equalize pressure
73
Q

forced expiration

A

internal intercostals, external obliques, and rectus abdominus contract:

  • further shrinks thoracic cavity
  • pressure in pleural cavity inc alot
  • lungs are compressed
  • pressure in lungs inc
  • air moves put to equalize pressure

Anatomy (17 decks)

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