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Anatomy > Chapter 13- Neural Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 13- Neural Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

general makeup of neural tissue

A

many organs, composed of many tissues– CT, BV, neurons and neuroglia

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2
Q

two communication systems

A

nervous and endocrine

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3
Q
  • coordinates all body systems
  • accomplished by the transmission of signals (body to CNS) and (CNS to body)
  • electrochemical signaling
  • direct, fast, specific signaling
A

nervous system

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4
Q
  • slow scale signaling
  • long lasting signaling
  • uses chemicals in the blood stream called horomones
A

endocrine system

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5
Q

2 divisions

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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6
Q

nervous system that involves brain and spinal chord

A

CNS

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7
Q

nervous system that involves cranial and spinal nerves

A

PNS

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8
Q

extension of CNS to communicate with appendicular limbs and body

A

PNS

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9
Q
  • brain and spinal chord
  • covered by meningies
  • starts as hollow tube
  • bathed in cerebrospinal fluid
  • integration center
A

CNS

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10
Q

consists of cranial and spinal nerves hats contain both sensory and motor fibers

  • connects CNS to muscles, glands, and all sensory receptors
  • brings info to and from the CNS
A

PNS

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11
Q

sending things to the CNS

A

sensory fibers

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12
Q

sending things from CNS to organs

A

motor fibers

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13
Q

two types of peripheral nervous systems

A

afferent and efferent

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14
Q

part of peripheral nervous system that deals with sensory

A

afferent divison

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15
Q

part of peripheral nervous system that deals with motor

A

efferent division

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16
Q

two divisions of the efferent division of PNS

A

somatic division and autonomic division

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17
Q

efferent division of PNS that deals with conscious and voluntary

A

somatic

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18
Q

efferent division of PNS that deals with unconscious and involuntary

A

autonomic

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19
Q

general fxns of nervous system

A 
receptors
sensory
integrative
motor
effector
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20
Q

makeup of nervous tissue

A

neurons and neuroglia

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21
Q

structural and functional units. excitable and amitotic. send signal from one part ot another. very specialized

A

neurons

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22
Q

accessory cells that act like CT. covers all things. support team of the neurons with diverse jobs

A

neuroglial cells

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23
Q

3 major structures of neuron

A

axon
dendrites
soma

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24
Q

cell body of neurons. mononucleate

A

soma

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25
Q

what soma consists of

A

nissl bodies, axon hillock, perikaryon, neurofibrils

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26
Q

part of the soma– involves ribosmees clusters, give grey color

A

Nissl bodies

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27
Q

part of the soma– connects soma to the axon

A

axon hillock

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28
Q

part of the soma– region around the nucleus

A

perikaryon

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29
Q

part of the soma– cytoskeleton that extend into dendrites/axons; gives shape

A

neurofibrils

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30
Q
  • respond to neurotransmitters
  • short branched, unmyelinated
  • specialized for contact with other neurons
  • conducts impulses towards the cell body
A

dendrites

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31
Q

only one per cell

  • conducts nerve impulses away from the soma
  • can give off collaterals
  • many wrapped in myelin sheath
  • dont have receptive surface
A

axon

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32
Q

branches off of the axon

A

collaterals

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33
Q

glial cells wrapped around the axon. help to increase speed of signal that is sent by

A

myelin sheath

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34
Q

structure end in the synaptic terminal

  • produce neurotransmitters
  • may contact: another neuron, muscle fibers, glands
A

axon

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35
Q

axoplasmic transport. movement of cellular materials through the axon– two types: anterograde and retrograde

A

axonal transport

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36
Q

type of axonal transport. moves material away from the soma; neurotransmitters, organelles, and nutrients

A

anterograde axonal transport

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37
Q

type of axonal transport. moves material toward the cell; degrade material to be recycled an extracellular substances

A

retrograde axonal transport

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38
Q

cytoplasm of an axon. consists of few organelles and cytoskeletal proteins that form cytoskeleton, maintain shape and generate axonal transport

39
Q

purpose of cytoskeletal proteins found in the axoplasm

A

help to form cytoskeleton

  • maintain shape
  • generate axonal transport
40
Q

plasma membrane of an axon. consists of collaterals, telodendria, synaptic terminal.
- have high concentration of ion channels – allow fir the influx of iions

41
Q

part of the axolemma– side branches

A

collaterals

42
Q

part of axolemma– terminal extensions

A

telodentria

43
Q

part of axolemma– contains synaptic vesicles where neuron contacts postsynaptic cell.

A

synaptic terminal

44
Q

structural classification of neurons– based on number and morphology of dendrites

A

anaxonic
bipolar
unipolar
multipolar

45
Q

small neurons, star looking, dont travel far, found in areas with lots of axons that dont need to communicate outside of the space. axons cannot be distinguished form dendrites. coordinate special sense

46
Q

several small dendrites converge into one. dendrite and axon sperated by soma. unmyelinated. sensory neurons for specialized senses.

47
Q

also known as pseudo-unipolar. several sall dendrites converge into one large. dendrite and axon continuous—- soma doesn’t separate. usually unmyelinated. majority found in PNS. no receptive surface on the soma

48
Q

many dendrites extend from the soma. long axon. myelinated. majority = motor neurons in PNS. lots of inputs and 1 output

A

multipolar

49
Q

have sensory function. cell body usually outside of CNS. have receptor end on dendrites or are associated with receptor cells in sense organs. carry impulses from peripheral body parts to the brain or spinal cord.

A

afferent neurons

50
Q

afferent neurons 3 receptors

A

exteroceptors, propioceptors, interoceptors

51
Q

type of afferent neuron receptor that deals with external stimuli– touch temperature, pressure, light, and chemicals

A

exteroceptors

52
Q

type of afferent neuron receptor that deals with muscle and skeletal positions within space

A

propioceptors

53
Q

type of afferent neuron receptor that deals with monitoring internal stimuli/systems– digestion, respiration, urinary

A

interoception

54
Q
  • only within the CNS

- classified based on effects (excitatory and inhibitory)

A

interneurons

55
Q

have motor functions. cell body usually inside of the CNS. carry impulses from teh brain or the spinal cord to peripheral body parts

A

efferent neurons

56
Q

types of efferent neurons

A

somatic and autonomic/visceral

57
Q

type of efferent neuron that controls skeletal muscle

A

somatic efferent neurons

58
Q

type of efferent neuron that deals with smooth muscle and glands

A

autonomic/ visceral efferent neurons

59
Q

neuroglial cells in CNS

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia

60
Q

neuroglial cells in PNS

A

satellite and schwann cells

61
Q

largest and most common neuroglial cells. star shaped . responsible for structure and repair, metabolsim, regulate ions and nutrition, guide neurons to target, and form blood barrier

A

astrocytes

62
Q

type of neuroglial cell–like astrocytes, but smaller. responsible for forming myelin in the CNS, sequester debris

A

oligodendrocytes

63
Q

type of neuroglial cells that is the smallest and least common. derived from myeloid cells. responsible for supporting neurons, function as phagocytes, and increase in number during injury or disease

64
Q

type of neuroglial cell that is columnar/cubodial. have microvilli on luminal surface. joined by gap junctions. function: produce cerebrospinal fluid, form porous layer, and monitor CSF composition

65
Q

type of neuroglial cell found in the PNS. associated with the soma. assist with exchange of nutrients . isolates neuron form extraneous stimuli. no blood brain boundary. manages chemicals and nutrients going into the soma

66
Q

type of neuroglial cell found in the PNS. produce myelin in PNS. encloses axons of longer peripheral nerves. functions: support neuron, prevent contact, myelinate large PNS axons

A

schwann Cells

67
Q

myelin structures

A

myelin, neurilemma, nodes of ranvier

68
Q

part of myelin structure– plasma membrane of the schwann cell wrapped around axon

69
Q

part of myelin structure– part of schwann cell that contains cytoplasm– not part of the myelin

A

neurilemma

70
Q

part of myelin structure– gaps in myelin sheath where changes of charge occur at nodes

A

nodes of ranvier

71
Q

fxn of myelin

A

isolate axons and increase rate of action potetnial

72
Q

ability to respond to stimuli

A

irritability

73
Q

ability to transmit an impulse

A

excitability

74
Q

an electrical impulse changing the permeability of a membrance

A

action potential

75
Q

action potential moving down an axon

A

nerve impulse

76
Q

when does nerve impulse travel faster?

A

axon is myelinated, has a larger diameter

77
Q

characteristics of synapse

A
  • function as a control/transmission point
  • site of communication between sensory structure and neuron, neuron and effector, 2 neurons, and two cells with gap junction
78
Q

2 types of synapses

A

electrical and chemical

79
Q

type of synapse– gap junction cause the exchange of charged ions between two cells

A

electrical synapse

80
Q

type of synapse– chemicals are released by one cell and travel to another

A

chemical synapse

81
Q

way in which afferent fibers can branch as they enter a neuronal pool

A

convergence, divergence, serial processing, parallel processing, reverberation

82
Q

type of neuronal pool– one neuron to another in a series

A

serial processing

83
Q

type of neuronal pool– when impulse leaves a pool, it spreads into several outputs. allows impulse to be amplified. has collaterals to help proliferate and amplify impulse

A

divergence

84
Q

type of neuronal pool– single nerve in pool may receive impulses from 2 or more incoming fibers. many fibers lead to same nerve to converge. allow for summation of impulses from different sources

A

convergence

85
Q

type of neuronal pool– processing info from several neurons at once. one cell has collateral and proliferate signal down multiple paths

A

parallel processing

86
Q

type of neuronal pool— positive feedback loop continues activity of circuit until something inhibits it

A

reverberation

87
Q

structures of CNS

A

nuceli, center, and tracts

88
Q

collection of neuron cell bodies– grey matter

89
Q

collection of neuron cell bodies working together

90
Q

bundles of axons. white matter. signal produced by great matter going through axons in this…

91
Q

PNS structures

A

ganglia and nerves

92
Q

collection of neuron cell bodies

93
Q

bundles of axons

Anatomy (17 decks)

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