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Anatomy > Chapter 18-- General and Special Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 18-- General and Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

a specialized cell that sends sensations to CNS

A

sensory receptor

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2
Q

types of sensory receptors

A

tonic and phasic

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3
Q

type of sensory receptor that always sends signals to the CNS

A

tonic receptor

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4
Q

type of sensory receptor that becomes active only with changes in the conditions they monitor

A

phasic receptor

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5
Q

types of cell receptors

A

chemo, mechano, nocio, thermo, photo

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6
Q

area monitored by a single receptor cell

A

receptive field

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7
Q

each receptor responds to a specific stimulus

A

receptor specificity

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8
Q

the sensory information arriving at the CNS

A

sensation

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9
Q

conscious awareness of sensation– all nerve impulses are identical (just an action potential), brain interprets impulse, feeling that occurs when sensory impulses are interpreted

A

perception

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10
Q

occurs when sensory receptors are subjected to continuing stimulation. results in the reduction of sensitivity. at some point the pathway impulses are conducted at a decreased rate

A

sensory adaptation

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11
Q

types of sensory adaptation

A

peripheral adaptation, central adaptation

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12
Q

when sensory receptors decrease their level of activity

A

peripheral adaptation

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13
Q

sensory neurons are still active. CNS causes reduced perception

A

central adaptation

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14
Q

do not have specialized receptor cells or organs for picking up senses

A

general senses

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15
Q

can have specialized receptor cells separate from the sensory neuron. structurally more complex. recpetors localized in sense organs

A

special senses

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16
Q

3 major groups to classify receptors

A

exteroreceptor, interoreceptors, proprioceptors

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17
Q

receptor that relates info about the external environment

A

exteroreceptors

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18
Q

receptor that depicts body position in space

A

proprioceptors

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19
Q

receptors that monitor internal environment

A

interoreceptors

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20
Q

receptor that sense tissue damage which is perceived as pain. free nerve endings with large receptive field– found everywhere except the brain.provide protection and do no adapt well

A

nociceceptors

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21
Q

types of pain

A

fast pain, slow pain, referred pain

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22
Q

type of pain– quick, inducing a reflex usually when stimulus ends

A

fast pain

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23
Q

type of pain– begin later. persist longer, ache

A

slow pain

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24
Q

visceral pain that feels like it is coming from a more superficial region. due to superficial structures being innervated by the same spinal nerves as the damaged viscera

A

referred pain

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25
Q

receptor that involved heat and cold. free nerve endings in skin. quick to adapt. felt as pain.in temp above 45 and below 10 degrees

A

thermoreceptors

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26
Q

receptor sensitive to mechanical forces that cause tissues to be deformed

A

mechano recpeotrs

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27
Q

types of mechanoreceptors

A

tactile, baroreceptors, proprioceptors

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28
Q

mechanoreceptor that deals with touch, pressure, and vibrations

A

tactile recpetor

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29
Q

mechanoreceptor that deals with pressure changes in the walls of vessels

A

baraoreceptors

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30
Q

mechanoreceptor that deals with position of joints and muscles

A

proprioceptors

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31
Q

types of tactile receptors

A

encapsulated– free nerve endings, root hair, tactile disc

unencapsulated– tactile corpuscles, lamellated corpuscles, ruffini corpuscles

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32
Q

unencapsulated tactile receptor in the papillary dermis that deals with general touch

A

free nerve endings

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33
Q

unencapsulated tactile receptor that monitors distortions and movement across body surface

A

root hair

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34
Q

unencapsulated tactile receptor that is an expanded nerve terminal that synapses with Merkel cells– sensitive to fine touch

A

tactile discs

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35
Q

encapsulated tactile receptor that is found where tactile sensitivities are very well developed

A

tactile corpuscles

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36
Q

encapsulated tactile receptor that responds to deep presure

A

lamellated corpuscles

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37
Q

encapsulated tactile receptor that is in the dermis and detects pressure with little adaptation

A

ruffini corpuscles

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38
Q

stretch receptor that monitors changes in pressure– that detects stretching of tissue walls. regulates autonomic activities

A

baroreceptors

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39
Q

monitor position of joints, tension in tendons, state of muscle contraction. no adaptation to stimulus

A

proprioceptors

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40
Q

types of proprioceptors

A

muscle spindle and golgi tendon organ

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41
Q

proprioceptor that monitors length of the muscle

A

muscle spindle

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42
Q

proprioceptor that monitors tension in a tendon during contraction

A

golgi tendon organ

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43
Q

respond to substances dissolved in surrounding fluids. monitor chemical composition of body fluids

A

chemoreceptors

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44
Q

senes of smell. involve olfactory organ

A

olfaction

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45
Q

located within the nasal cavity on either side of nasal septum. covers the cribiform palate of ethmoid. made up of olfactory epithelium

A

olfactory organ

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46
Q

olfactory epithelium consists of…

A

olfactory receptors supporting cells, basal cells and olfactory glands

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47
Q

olfactory receptors in the olfactory organ are

A

chemorecepotrs

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48
Q

cells in the olfactory epithelium that surround the receptors

A

supporting cells

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49
Q

cells in the olfactory epithelium that are stem cells that grow new cells

A

basal cells

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50
Q

what is the olfactory epithelium covered in secretions from what?

A

olfactory gland

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51
Q

highly modified bipolar neurons that have cilia that extend into mucus secreted by olfactory glands

A

olfactory receptors

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52
Q

how are olfactory cells depolarized

A

odorous particles dissolve into mucus and create depolarization

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53
Q

olfactory discrimination

A

no difference in receptor cells– able to reproduce and adapt quickly

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54
Q

where are chemoreceptor in tongue located

A

taste buds

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55
Q

where are taste buds located in tongue

A

superior surface of tongue in papillae

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56
Q

epithelial projections on the tongue

A

papillae

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57
Q

types of papillae

A

filiform, fungiform, circumvallate

58
Q

receptor clusters in the tongue that detect chemicals in saliva using taste hairs

A

gustatory cells

59
Q

cells in the tongue that replace receptors every 10-12 days

A

basal cells

60
Q

cells found inside taste buds

A

gustatory cells

61
Q

gustatory pathway

A

cranial nerves 7, 9, 10– afferent fibers synapse with nucleus solitarius in medulla– goes through thalamus and cerebral cortex

62
Q

primary tastes

A

sour, sweet, salt, bitter, water, umami

63
Q

external ear supported elastic cartilage

A

auricle

64
Q

canal to middle ear

A

external acoustic meatus

65
Q

ceruminous glands

A

make ear wax

66
Q

where does external ear end

A

tympanic membrane

67
Q

function of ear

A

protect middle and inner ear, limits microorganism growth, dent access to foreign objects. funnel vibrations

68
Q

parts of the middle ear

A

tympanic cavity and tympanic membrane, auditory tube, ossicles

69
Q

air filled space between external and inner ear. located in the middle ear

A

tympanic cavity

70
Q

thin and transparent connective tissue sheet located in the middle ear

A

tympanic membrane

71
Q

function of auditory tube when open

A

middle ear equalized to ATP. can be induced by chewing or yawning. allows for microbes to get in and cause an ear infection

72
Q

tiny bones in middle ear that transfer vibrations form the tympanic membrane to inner ear

A

ossicles

73
Q

the ossicle of the middle ear

A

malleus, incus, stapes

74
Q

muscles of the middle ear

A

tensor tympani muscle and stapedius muscle

75
Q

muscle of the middle ear that inserts on the malleus

A

tensor tympani muscle

76
Q

muscle of the middle ear that inserts on the stapes

A

stapedius muscle

77
Q

series of tubes and cavities that is split into two sections and consists of several layers all located in the ear

A

inner ear

78
Q

two section of the inner ear

A

vestibule and cochlea

79
Q

job of the vestibule

A

balance

80
Q

job of the cochlea

A

hearing

81
Q

layers of the inner ear

A

membraneous labyrinth and bony labyrinth

82
Q

layer within the inner ear that contains endolymph fluid

A

membranous labyrinth

83
Q

layer within the inner ear that is dense bone later of the temporal bone that contains periplymph fluid

A

bony labyrinth

84
Q

fluid in the membranous labyrinth

A

endolymph

85
Q

fluid in thr bony labyrinth

A

periplymph

86
Q

converts vibrations to sound. contacts the stapes at the ovale window. coiled tube with cochlear duct. divided into three ducts

A

cochlea

87
Q

three ducts of cochlea

A

vestibular, cochlear, tympanic

88
Q

duct divided by the vestibular membrane

A

vestibular duct

89
Q

duct divided by the basilar membrane

A

cochlear duct

90
Q

where is organ or corti located

A

basilar membrane

91
Q

components of the organ of corti

A

hair cells, cranial nerve 8 and tectorial membrane

92
Q

mechanorecpetors with stereocillia found in the organ of corti

A

hair cells

93
Q

component of organ of corti that is positioned right above the hair cell stereocillia

A

tectorial membrane

94
Q

pathway of auditory sensations

A

carried by cochlear branch of cranial nerve 8– goes to cochlear nucleus of medulla– travels through thalamus– processed in the auditory cortex of temporal lobe

95
Q

vestibule consists of

A

semicircular canal and utricle and saccule

96
Q

semicircular canals

A

anterior posterior lateral

97
Q

surround the the semicircular duct and has ampulla at the base

A

semicircular canal

98
Q

found at the base of the semicircular canals– each posses cristae that attach to the cupula

A

ampulla

99
Q

paire membranous sacs that are connected by endolymphatic duct that both posses maculae

A

utricle and saccule

100
Q

have the hair cells

A

cupula

101
Q

when head rotates what happens

A

causes fluid to move through the canals– fluid move cupula– which bends the stereocilli– creating depolarization

102
Q

maculae consist of…

A

hair celsls and otolith

103
Q

small calcium carbonate crystal– gel like substance

A

otolinth

104
Q

when head orientation changes what happens

A

gravity pulls on crystals– moves otolith– deforms hair cell stereocillia– depolarization occurs

105
Q

pathway of balance

A

activate neurons of vestibular branch to cranial nerve 8– synapse with vestibular nucleus

106
Q

protect and lubricate

A

eye lids// palpebrae

107
Q

oily secretions that keep lids from sticking together

A

tarsal glands

108
Q

thin protective mucus membrane– stops at corneal edge– dilated BV =blood shot eye

A

conjunctiva

109
Q

produce tears. consist of lacrimal gland, lacrimal punctum, lacrimal canaliculi

A

lacrimal apparatus

110
Q

produces tears

A

lacrimal gland

111
Q

drains tears into the lacrimal canuliculi

A

lacrimal punctum

112
Q

passage way that leads to the lacrimal sac

A

lacrimal canaliculi

113
Q

fills groove on lacrimal bone. connects to the nasolacrimal duct

A

lacrimal sac

114
Q

delivers tears to the nasal cavity

A

nasolacrimal duct

115
Q

layers of the eye

A

fibrous, vascual, neural

116
Q

fibrous layer of the eye

A

sclera and cornea

117
Q

the outer part of the eye

A

fibrous layer of the eye

118
Q

white of the eye; dense irregular CT

A

sclera

119
Q

transparent layer of the outer part of the eye

A

cornea

120
Q

vascular layer of the eye

A

iris, choroid, lens, cilliary body

121
Q

smooth muscle and pigments of the eye– controls the size of the pupil

A

iris

122
Q

vascularized pigment layer of the eye

A

choroid

123
Q

layered proteins of the vasculat tunic of eye. refracts light

A

lens

124
Q

below the iris, has cilliary processes– attach to the suspensory ligaments which attach to the lens

A

ciliary body

125
Q

change the lens shape

A

ciliary muscle

126
Q

function of the vasuclar tunic

A

route for BV, regulate the amount of light, secrete and absorb aqueous humor and control the shape of the lens

127
Q

inner most part of the eye. involves the retina. contains 5 retinal neurons

A

neural tunic

128
Q

retinal neurons

A

receptor cells, bipolar neurons, ganglion cells, amacrine cells

129
Q

retinal neuron that involves rods and cones– detects light

A

receptor cells

130
Q

retinal neuron that synapse with repector cells

A

bipolar neurons

131
Q

retinal neuron that synapse with bipolar neurons

A

ganglion neurons

132
Q

retinal neurons that modulate communication between bipolar and ganglion cells

A

amacrine cells

133
Q

very light senstive. do not discriminate color. require less light

A

rodd

134
Q

color vision, three types. give sharper image

A

cones

135
Q

regions of the retina within the neural tunic

A

macula lutea, foeva, optic disc

136
Q

area of no rods

A

macula lutea

137
Q

area of most cones– within the medulla

A

foeva

138
Q

beginning of optic nerve– blind spot

A

optic disc

139
Q

cavity that contains gelatenous vitreous body

A

posterior cavity

140
Q

cavity that contains clear aqueous humor

A

anterior cavity

141
Q

fluid found within the posterior cavity

A

vitreous body

142
Q

fluid within the anterior cavity

A

aqueous humor

Anatomy (17 decks)

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