Chapter 18-- General and Special Senses Flashcards
1
Q
a specialized cell that sends sensations to CNS
A
sensory receptor
2
Q
types of sensory receptors
A
tonic and phasic
3
Q
type of sensory receptor that always sends signals to the CNS
A
tonic receptor
4
Q
type of sensory receptor that becomes active only with changes in the conditions they monitor
A
phasic receptor
5
Q
types of cell receptors
A
chemo, mechano, nocio, thermo, photo
6
Q
area monitored by a single receptor cell
A
receptive field
7
Q
each receptor responds to a specific stimulus
A
receptor specificity
8
Q
the sensory information arriving at the CNS
A
sensation
9
Q
conscious awareness of sensation– all nerve impulses are identical (just an action potential), brain interprets impulse, feeling that occurs when sensory impulses are interpreted
A
perception
10
Q
occurs when sensory receptors are subjected to continuing stimulation. results in the reduction of sensitivity. at some point the pathway impulses are conducted at a decreased rate
A
sensory adaptation
11
Q
types of sensory adaptation
A
peripheral adaptation, central adaptation
12
Q
when sensory receptors decrease their level of activity
A
peripheral adaptation
13
Q
sensory neurons are still active. CNS causes reduced perception
A
central adaptation
14
Q
do not have specialized receptor cells or organs for picking up senses
A
general senses
15
Q
can have specialized receptor cells separate from the sensory neuron. structurally more complex. recpetors localized in sense organs
A
special senses
16
Q
3 major groups to classify receptors
A
exteroreceptor, interoreceptors, proprioceptors
17
Q
receptor that relates info about the external environment
A
exteroreceptors
18
Q
receptor that depicts body position in space
A
proprioceptors
19
Q
receptors that monitor internal environment
A
interoreceptors
20
Q
receptor that sense tissue damage which is perceived as pain. free nerve endings with large receptive field– found everywhere except the brain.provide protection and do no adapt well
A
nociceceptors
21
Q
types of pain
A
fast pain, slow pain, referred pain
22
Q
type of pain– quick, inducing a reflex usually when stimulus ends
A
fast pain
23
Q
type of pain– begin later. persist longer, ache
A
slow pain
24
Q
visceral pain that feels like it is coming from a more superficial region. due to superficial structures being innervated by the same spinal nerves as the damaged viscera
A
referred pain
25
receptor that involved heat and cold. free nerve endings in skin. quick to adapt. felt as pain.in temp above 45 and below 10 degrees
thermoreceptors
26
receptor sensitive to mechanical forces that cause tissues to be deformed
mechano recpeotrs
27
types of mechanoreceptors
tactile, baroreceptors, proprioceptors
28
mechanoreceptor that deals with touch, pressure, and vibrations
tactile recpetor
29
mechanoreceptor that deals with pressure changes in the walls of vessels
baraoreceptors
30
mechanoreceptor that deals with position of joints and muscles
proprioceptors
31
types of tactile receptors
encapsulated-- free nerve endings, root hair, tactile disc
| unencapsulated-- tactile corpuscles, lamellated corpuscles, ruffini corpuscles
32
unencapsulated tactile receptor in the papillary dermis that deals with general touch
free nerve endings
33
unencapsulated tactile receptor that monitors distortions and movement across body surface
root hair
34
unencapsulated tactile receptor that is an expanded nerve terminal that synapses with Merkel cells-- sensitive to fine touch
tactile discs
35
encapsulated tactile receptor that is found where tactile sensitivities are very well developed
tactile corpuscles
36
encapsulated tactile receptor that responds to deep presure
lamellated corpuscles
37
encapsulated tactile receptor that is in the dermis and detects pressure with little adaptation
ruffini corpuscles
38
stretch receptor that monitors changes in pressure-- that detects stretching of tissue walls. regulates autonomic activities
baroreceptors
39
monitor position of joints, tension in tendons, state of muscle contraction. no adaptation to stimulus
proprioceptors
40
types of proprioceptors
muscle spindle and golgi tendon organ
41
proprioceptor that monitors length of the muscle
muscle spindle
42
proprioceptor that monitors tension in a tendon during contraction
golgi tendon organ
43
respond to substances dissolved in surrounding fluids. monitor chemical composition of body fluids
chemoreceptors
44
senes of smell. involve olfactory organ
olfaction
45
located within the nasal cavity on either side of nasal septum. covers the cribiform palate of ethmoid. made up of olfactory epithelium
olfactory organ
46
olfactory epithelium consists of...
olfactory receptors supporting cells, basal cells and olfactory glands
47
olfactory receptors in the olfactory organ are
chemorecepotrs
48
cells in the olfactory epithelium that surround the receptors
supporting cells
49
cells in the olfactory epithelium that are stem cells that grow new cells
basal cells
50
what is the olfactory epithelium covered in secretions from what?
olfactory gland
51
highly modified bipolar neurons that have cilia that extend into mucus secreted by olfactory glands
olfactory receptors
52
how are olfactory cells depolarized
odorous particles dissolve into mucus and create depolarization
53
olfactory discrimination
no difference in receptor cells-- able to reproduce and adapt quickly
54
where are chemoreceptor in tongue located
taste buds
55
where are taste buds located in tongue
superior surface of tongue in papillae
56
epithelial projections on the tongue
papillae
57
types of papillae
filiform, fungiform, circumvallate
58
receptor clusters in the tongue that detect chemicals in saliva using taste hairs
gustatory cells
59
cells in the tongue that replace receptors every 10-12 days
basal cells
60
cells found inside taste buds
gustatory cells
61
gustatory pathway
cranial nerves 7, 9, 10-- afferent fibers synapse with nucleus solitarius in medulla-- goes through thalamus and cerebral cortex
62
primary tastes
sour, sweet, salt, bitter, water, umami
63
external ear supported elastic cartilage
auricle
64
canal to middle ear
external acoustic meatus
65
ceruminous glands
make ear wax
66
where does external ear end
tympanic membrane
67
function of ear
protect middle and inner ear, limits microorganism growth, dent access to foreign objects. funnel vibrations
68
parts of the middle ear
tympanic cavity and tympanic membrane, auditory tube, ossicles
69
air filled space between external and inner ear. located in the middle ear
tympanic cavity
70
thin and transparent connective tissue sheet located in the middle ear
tympanic membrane
71
function of auditory tube when open
middle ear equalized to ATP. can be induced by chewing or yawning. allows for microbes to get in and cause an ear infection
72
tiny bones in middle ear that transfer vibrations form the tympanic membrane to inner ear
ossicles
73
the ossicle of the middle ear
malleus, incus, stapes
74
muscles of the middle ear
tensor tympani muscle and stapedius muscle
75
muscle of the middle ear that inserts on the malleus
tensor tympani muscle
76
muscle of the middle ear that inserts on the stapes
stapedius muscle
77
series of tubes and cavities that is split into two sections and consists of several layers all located in the ear
inner ear
78
two section of the inner ear
vestibule and cochlea
79
job of the vestibule
balance
80
job of the cochlea
hearing
81
layers of the inner ear
membraneous labyrinth and bony labyrinth
82
layer within the inner ear that contains endolymph fluid
membranous labyrinth
83
layer within the inner ear that is dense bone later of the temporal bone that contains periplymph fluid
bony labyrinth
84
fluid in the membranous labyrinth
endolymph
85
fluid in thr bony labyrinth
periplymph
86
converts vibrations to sound. contacts the stapes at the ovale window. coiled tube with cochlear duct. divided into three ducts
cochlea
87
three ducts of cochlea
vestibular, cochlear, tympanic
88
duct divided by the vestibular membrane
vestibular duct
89
duct divided by the basilar membrane
cochlear duct
90
where is organ or corti located
basilar membrane
91
components of the organ of corti
hair cells, cranial nerve 8 and tectorial membrane
92
mechanorecpetors with stereocillia found in the organ of corti
hair cells
93
component of organ of corti that is positioned right above the hair cell stereocillia
tectorial membrane
94
pathway of auditory sensations
carried by cochlear branch of cranial nerve 8-- goes to cochlear nucleus of medulla-- travels through thalamus-- processed in the auditory cortex of temporal lobe
95
vestibule consists of
semicircular canal and utricle and saccule
96
semicircular canals
anterior posterior lateral
97
surround the the semicircular duct and has ampulla at the base
semicircular canal
98
found at the base of the semicircular canals-- each posses cristae that attach to the cupula
ampulla
99
paire membranous sacs that are connected by endolymphatic duct that both posses maculae
utricle and saccule
100
have the hair cells
cupula
101
when head rotates what happens
causes fluid to move through the canals-- fluid move cupula-- which bends the stereocilli-- creating depolarization
102
maculae consist of...
hair celsls and otolith
103
small calcium carbonate crystal-- gel like substance
otolinth
104
when head orientation changes what happens
gravity pulls on crystals-- moves otolith-- deforms hair cell stereocillia-- depolarization occurs
105
pathway of balance
activate neurons of vestibular branch to cranial nerve 8-- synapse with vestibular nucleus
106
protect and lubricate
eye lids// palpebrae
107
oily secretions that keep lids from sticking together
tarsal glands
108
thin protective mucus membrane-- stops at corneal edge-- dilated BV =blood shot eye
conjunctiva
109
produce tears. consist of lacrimal gland, lacrimal punctum, lacrimal canaliculi
lacrimal apparatus
110
produces tears
lacrimal gland
111
drains tears into the lacrimal canuliculi
lacrimal punctum
112
passage way that leads to the lacrimal sac
lacrimal canaliculi
113
fills groove on lacrimal bone. connects to the nasolacrimal duct
lacrimal sac
114
delivers tears to the nasal cavity
nasolacrimal duct
115
layers of the eye
fibrous, vascual, neural
116
fibrous layer of the eye
sclera and cornea
117
the outer part of the eye
fibrous layer of the eye
118
white of the eye; dense irregular CT
sclera
119
transparent layer of the outer part of the eye
cornea
120
vascular layer of the eye
iris, choroid, lens, cilliary body
121
smooth muscle and pigments of the eye-- controls the size of the pupil
iris
122
vascularized pigment layer of the eye
choroid
123
layered proteins of the vasculat tunic of eye. refracts light
lens
124
below the iris, has cilliary processes-- attach to the suspensory ligaments which attach to the lens
ciliary body
125
change the lens shape
ciliary muscle
126
function of the vasuclar tunic
route for BV, regulate the amount of light, secrete and absorb aqueous humor and control the shape of the lens
127
inner most part of the eye. involves the retina. contains 5 retinal neurons
neural tunic
128
retinal neurons
receptor cells, bipolar neurons, ganglion cells, amacrine cells
129
retinal neuron that involves rods and cones-- detects light
receptor cells
130
retinal neuron that synapse with repector cells
bipolar neurons
131
retinal neuron that synapse with bipolar neurons
ganglion neurons
132
retinal neurons that modulate communication between bipolar and ganglion cells
amacrine cells
133
very light senstive. do not discriminate color. require less light
rodd
134
color vision, three types. give sharper image
cones
135
regions of the retina within the neural tunic
macula lutea, foeva, optic disc
136
area of no rods
macula lutea
137
area of most cones-- within the medulla
foeva
138
beginning of optic nerve-- blind spot
optic disc
139
cavity that contains gelatenous vitreous body
posterior cavity
140
cavity that contains clear aqueous humor
anterior cavity
141
fluid found within the posterior cavity
vitreous body
142
fluid within the anterior cavity
aqueous humor
