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Anatomy > Chapter 25- digestion > Flashcards

Chapter 25- digestion Flashcards

1
Q

process whereby food is changed into a form that can be absorbed– break down of ingested food and absorption of nutirnets into the blood

A

digestion

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2
Q
  • production of ATP

- anabolic & catabolic cellular activities

A

metabloism

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3
Q

part of digestion that involves Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus

A

alimentary canal

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4
Q

part of digestion that involves part of digestion that involves Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

A

accessory organs

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5
Q

layers of digestive system (4)

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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6
Q
  • inner most layer

- Consists of three layers: Mucosal epithelium, Lamina propria, Muscularis mucosa

A

mucosa

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7
Q

3 layers of mucosa

A

Mucosal epithelium, Lamina propria, Muscularis mucosa

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8
Q

layer of mucosa that involves Blood vessels, sensory nerves, lymph vessels, M.A.L.T.

A

lamina propria

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9
Q

layer of mucosa that involves Smooth muscle and elastic fibers
- has two layers within its makeup

A

muscularis mucosa

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10
Q

two layer of the muscularis mucosa found within the mucosa layer

A

circular and longitudinal

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11
Q

have folds to increase SA and have glands which secrete mucous and digestive enzymes

A

mucosa

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12
Q

function of mucosa

A

protection and absorption and secretion

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13
Q

layer of digestive tract that is made up of loose CT, glands, BV, lymph vessels & nerves

A

submucosa

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14
Q

function of submucosa

A
  • nourish surrounding tissues

- carry away absorbed materials

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15
Q

layer of digestive tract that is made of layers of visceral smooth muscle

A

muscularis

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16
Q

layer of muscularis mucosa that decreases the diameter when contracted

A

circular

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17
Q

layer of muscularis mucosa that shortens tube when contracted

A

longitudinal

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18
Q

also known as viseral peritoneum that does not exist superior to the diaphragm.
- made of epithelium and CT

A

serosa

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19
Q

what type of tissue layer exists above the diaphragm

A

adventitia– in espohagus

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20
Q

function of the serosa

A

protection and secrete serous fluid

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21
Q 
A series of membranes in the abdominal cavity
- Visceral
- parietal
Are continuous with one another
 and seperated by Peritoneal cavity
A

peritoneium

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22
Q

membrane of peritoneium that adheres directly to the internal organs

A

visceral peritoneum

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23
Q

membrane of peritoneum that adheres to the abdominal wall

A

parietal peritoneum

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24
Q

Sheets of peritoneum connected to organs. provides access route for vessels and nerves
and stabilize position

A

mesentaries

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25
Q

types of mesentaries

A

lesser omentum and greater omentum, mesentary proper and mesocolon

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26
Q

type of mesentary that connects the stomach to the liver

A

lesser omentum

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27
Q

type of mesentary that starts at stomach, descends inferior, then ascends to form a pouch or “apron” filled with adipose and the attaches to the colon

A

greater omentum

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28
Q

type of mesentary that attaches to the majority of the small intestine

A

mesentary proper

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29
Q

type of mesentary that attaches to large intestines

A

mesocolon

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30
Q

function of mesentary proper and mesocolon

A

allow nerves, BV and lymhatics to connect to the intestines

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31
Q

process of peristalsis

A
  1. propels bolus down the tract
  2. circular muscles contract first to prevent from moving back3. longitudinal contracts next to advance the bolus down the tract
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32
Q

no net movement in any particular direction– goal to fragment bolus. involves mostly circular muscle contractions

A

segmentation

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33
Q

function fo the mouth

A 
mastication/ mixing
lubrication
speech
taste/ evaluation
limited digestion
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34
Q

mouth made from

A

hard and soft palate

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35
Q

part of bone that involves the palatine bone on roof of mouth

A

hard palate

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36
Q

part of mouth that involves CT extension of the palate. made up with the uvula

A

soft palate

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37
Q

part of sift palate that dangles at the end of the soft palate and prevents food from going down prematurely

A

uvula

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38
Q

produce saliva. involve 3 glands– parotid, submandibular and sublingual

A

salivary glands

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39
Q

muscous and serous fluid. form food blous and make salivary amylase and dissolve chemical for taste

A

saliva

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40
Q

glands of the salivary glands

A

parotid, submandibualr and sublingual

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41
Q

function of teeth

A

mastication

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42
Q

types of tteth

A

incisors, cuspids, bicuspids, molars

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43
Q

function of incisors

A

cutting

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44
Q

function of cuspids

A

tearing

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45
Q

functino of bicuspids

A

crushing and grindin g

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46
Q

function of molars

A

crushing and grinding

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47
Q

tooth regions

A

crown, enamel, neck and gingiva

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48
Q

exposed region of the tooth; covered in enamel

A

crown

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49
Q

rese of the tooth; found within host bone

A

root

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50
Q

boundary between root and crown

A

neck

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51
Q

gums and involve gingival sulcus

52
Q

where the gum and tooth meet

A

gingival sulcus

53
Q

type of tooth– 20 total involve incisor, cuspid and 1 & 2 molars

A

deciduous teeth

54
Q

type of tooth– 32 total. involve incisors, cuspids, 1 & 2 bicuspids, 1,2,& 3 molars

A

permanent teeth

55
Q

movement through pharynx

A

enabled by swallowing. bolus neters the oropharynx and passes the laryngopharynx

56
Q

known as deglutition. involve 3 stages

A

swallowing

57
Q

stages of swallowing

A

buccal, pharyngeal, esophageal

58
Q

function of the esophagus

A

passageway for food only to the stomach

59
Q

a stright collapsable tube that penetrates the diaphragm through esophageal hiatus

60
Q

histology (tissue layers) of esophagus

A

mucosa, muscularis, adventitia

61
Q

tissue layer of the esophagus that is stratified squamous with large folds (expansions)

62
Q

tissue layer of the esophagus that is made of skeletal muscle in superior regions

A

muscularis

63
Q

functions of the stomach

A
  • storage
  • mechanical breakdown
  • chemical breakdown of protein
  • delivers chyme to small intestines
  • large absorption of nutrients
64
Q

general shape pf the stomach

A

lesser and greater curvature

65
Q

major regions of the stomach

A

cardia, fundus, body, pyoris

66
Q

major regions of the stomach that meets the esophagus

67
Q

the major regions of the stomach that is the superior region of the stomach

68
Q

the major region of the stomach that is the largest region of the stomach

69
Q

the regionof the stomach that meets the small intestines

70
Q

histology of the stomach– tissues types

A

mucosa and muscularis

71
Q

importance of the mucosa

A

folded into rugae

72
Q

purpose of rugae

A

expands during a full stomach

73
Q

three layers of the muscularis of the stomach

A

longitudinal and oblique and circular

74
Q

outer layer of the muscularis tissue of the stomach

A

longitudinal

75
Q

the middle layer of the muscularis of the stomach

76
Q

the inner layer of the muscularis of the stomach

77
Q

make gastric jucies. contain secretory cell types

A

gastric glands

78
Q

the secretory cell types found within the gastric glands

A

parietal cells, cheif cells, enteroendocrine cells

79
Q

secretory cell type found within the gastic glands that deals with HCl (lowers pH) and intrinsic factor (absorbs B12)

A

parietal cells

80
Q

secretory cell type found within the gastric glands that secretes pepsinogen (breaks down proteins)

A

cheif cells

81
Q

secretory cell type found within the gastric glands that secretes the hormone gastrin

A

enteroendocrine cells

82
Q

major digestive regions

A

duodenum, jejunum, Ileum

83
Q

25 cm part of small intestine that deals with digestive secretions from the liver and pancreas

84
Q

2500 cm part of the small intestines that deals with the most digestion and absorption

85
Q

3500 cm part of the small intestines

86
Q

function of the small intestines

A
  • completes digestion of chyme
  • receives secretions from pancreas & liver- absorbs products of digestion
  • transports remaining residue to large intestine
87
Q

parts of small intestines used to increase SA

A

plicae ciculares, intestinal villi, microvilli

88
Q

part of small intestines – foldings in the lining

A

plicae circulares

89
Q

part of small intestines – fingerlike projections of mucosa

A

intestinal villi

90
Q

part of small intestines – fingerlike extensions of cell membranes

A

microvilli

91
Q

function of the large intestines

A

no digestive enzymes, no nutrients absorption.

- bacteria here digest remaining nutrients (water, vitamins K & B)

92
Q

regions of the large intestines

A

cecum and veriform appendix

93
Q

dilated pouch like structure of the large intestines

94
Q

narrow tube with close end– hangs down from the cecum. made of lymphatic tissue but has no digestive function

A

veriform appendix

95
Q

regions of the large intestines

A

ascending colon, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons

96
Q

regionsof the large intestines that travels upward along the posterior wall to just below the liver

A

ascending colon

97
Q

regions of the large intestines that turns at right colic flexure and go toward the spleen

A

transverse colon

98
Q

region of the large intestines that turns down at the left colic flexure

A

descending colon

99
Q

region of the large intestine that is S-shaped part near terminal end

A

sigmoid colon

100
Q

region of the large intestines that follows the curvature of sacrum and leads to the anal canal

101
Q

region of the large intestine that is the opening to the outside and is gaurded by 2 sphincters

102
Q

two sphincters of the anus

A

internal and external

103
Q

anal sphincter made of smooth muscle

104
Q

anal sphincter made of skeletal muscle

105
Q

function of the liver

A

carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, proteins metabolism, storage, bloof filtering, detoxification, secretes bile

106
Q

carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of the liver

A

synthesizes lipoprotiens, phospholipids and cholesterol and converts carbohydrates and proteins to fat

107
Q

protein metabilism of the liver does

A

makes blood proteins

108
Q

liver function of storage stores

A

glycogen, vitamins, and iron

109
Q

divided into lobes by falciform ligament– coronary ligament attaches the liver to the diaphragm and largest lobe is on the right

110
Q

functional unit– have hepatocytes around the central vein, hepatic sinusoids, kupffer cells

A

hepatic lobules

111
Q

hepatic lobules that removes toxins and produces bile

A

hepatocytes that surround the central vein

112
Q

hepatic lobule that has vascularized channels and recieves blood from portal veins

A

hepatic sinusoids

113
Q

hepatic lobule that involves fixed macrophages

A

kupffer cells

114
Q

on the inferior surface of the liver.

A

gall bladder

115
Q

function of the gallbladder

A

store bile, concentrate bile by reabsorbing water, and release bile into duodenum

116
Q

path of bile

A 
left and right hepatic duct
common bile duct
common bile duct
A. cystic duct to gall bladder 
B. deodenum
117
Q

structure of the pancreas

A

head body and tail

118
Q

pancreatic juices got to duodenum via

A

pancreatic duct, hepatopancreatic sphincter

119
Q

pancreatic juices produced by?

A

pancreatic acini

120
Q

pancreatic juice composed of

A

pancreatic amylase, proteinases and trypsin, lipase, nucleases, alkalines

121
Q

pancreatic juice that breaks down starch

A

pancreatic amylase

122
Q

pancreatic jucie that breaks down proteins

A

proteinases and trypsin

123
Q

pancreatic juice that breaks down fat

124
Q

pancreatic that breaks down nucleic acid

125
Q

pancreatic juice that neutralizes acidic chyme

Anatomy (17 decks)

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