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BOC > Chapter 9 - Mechanisms and Characteristics of Sports Trauma > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Mechanisms and Characteristics of Sports Trauma Flashcards

1
Q

Load

A

outside force or forces acting on tissue

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2
Q

stress

A

internal reaction or resistance to an external load

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3
Q

strain

A

extent of deformation of tissue under loading

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4
Q

viscoelastic

A

both viscous and elastic properties, allowing for deformation

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5
Q

anisotropic

A

tissue responds with greater or lesser strength depending on load direction

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6
Q

yield point

A

elastic limit of tissue

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7
Q

mechanical failure

A

elastic limit of tissue is exceeded, causing tissue to break

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8
Q

tension

A

pulls or stretches tissue ( strains and sprains)

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9
Q

stretching

A

beyond yield point (rupture or fx also sprains, strains, or avulsions)

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10
Q

compression

A

fractures and contusions - crushing

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11
Q

shearing

A

moves across the parallel organization of tissue

blisters, abrasions, vertebral disk injury

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12
Q

bending

A

force on a horizontal beam/bone that places stress within structure, causing it to bend or strain

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13
Q

3 point bending

A

compression if force on concave side, tension if force on convex side

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14
Q

soft tissue trauma categorized as

A

innert (noncontractile) - skin, joints, ligament, fascia, cartilage, dura mater, nerve roots
or
contractile - muscle, tendon, bony insertion

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15
Q

characteristics of muscle fibers

A

contractility, irritability, conductivity, elasticity

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16
Q

types of muscle fibers

A

cardiac, smooth, striated

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17
Q

muscle encasing

A

endocysium - inner
perimysium
epimysium - outer

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18
Q

mysiums conform into..

A

aponeurosis and or tendons

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19
Q

tendons and aponeurosis are

A

resilient fascia

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20
Q

what are spread into the perimysium?

A

arteries, veins, lymph vessels and nerve fibers

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21
Q

capillaries run through

A

endomysium

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22
Q

strains

A

stretch, tear, rip in muscle fascia or tendon

caused by abnormal cmuscle contraction

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23
Q

Grade 1 strain

A

fibers stretched, some pain with AROM,

painful ROM but still WNL

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24
Q

Grade 2 strain

A

several fibers torn
AROM painful
palpable divot
swelling and possible discoloration

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25
Q

Grade 3 strain

A

complete rupture, impairment, pain that quickly subsides

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26
Q

Tendon

A

wavy parallel collagenous fibers organized in bundles surrounded by gelatinous material

double the strength of the muscle it is connected to

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27
Q

tendon breaking point

A

> 6-8% increase in length

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28
Q

Muscle spasm

A

reflex caused by trauma of the musculoskeletal system

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29
Q

tonic spasm

A

rigid muscle contraction that lasts a period of time

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30
Q

clonic spasm

A

alternating involuntary muscular contracion and relaxation in quick succession

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31
Q

Muscle soreness

A

acute and DOMS

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32
Q

Muscle stiffness

A

fluids that collect in muscles during and after exercise are absorbed into blood stream at a slow rate

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33
Q

muscle cramps

A

painful involuntary skeletal contractions;

occurs in when developed people

more likely when the muscle is in shortened position

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34
Q

spasiticity

A

associated with increased tone/contraction because of an upper motor neuron lesion in the brain

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35
Q

Myofascial Trigger points

A

hypersensitive nodule found within a taut band of skeletal muscle and or fascia

latent - no pain unless pressed, may restrict movement
active - pain at rest
tender point - pain only at site of palpation

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36
Q

Myositis

A

inflammation of muscle tissue

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37
Q

fascitis

A

chronic inflammation of fascia that supports and separates muscle

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38
Q

tendinitis

A

graduate onset, diffuse tenderness because of repeated micro traumas, and degenerative changes (swelling, pain)

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39
Q

tenosynovitis

A

inflammation of synovial sheath surrounding a tendon

can be acute or chronic

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40
Q

difference between acute vs. chronic tenosynovitis

A

acute: rapid onset, articular creptitus, diffuse swelling
chronic: tendons become locally thickened, with pain and articular crepitus present during movement

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41
Q

ectopic calcification

A

myositis ossificans

osteoid material that resembles bone accumulating in the muscle

growth may mature into calcified area

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42
Q

synarthrotic

A

immovable

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43
Q

ampiarthrotic

A

slightly movable

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44
Q

diarthrotic

A

freely movable

45
Q

characteristics of diarthrodial or synovial joints

A 
capsule
ligaments
synovial membrane
hyaline or articular cartilage
joint space and synovial fluid
46
Q

primary factor in ligamentous injuries

A

viscoelastic tissue properties

constant compression causes deterioration

intermittent compression strengthens

chronic inflammation causes shrinkage of collagen fibers

47
Q

primary protection of joint

A

dynamic aspect of muscles and tendons

48
Q

Roux’s law of function adaptation

A

an organ will adapt itself structurally to an alternation, quantitative or qualitative, or function

49
Q

hyaluronic acid viscosity tendencies

A

thickens during slow movement, thins during fast movment

50
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

articular
nasal septum, larynx, trachea, bronchi, ends of bones

provides static and dynamic stability

no direct blood supply

provides motion control, stability, load transmission

51
Q

fibrous cartilage

A

vertebral disks, pubic symphysis, menisci of knee

52
Q

elastic cartilage

A

external ear, eustachian tube

53
Q

ball and socket

A

all movements

glenohumeral and hip

54
Q

hinge joint

A

flexion and ext

elbow

55
Q

ellipsoidal

A

elliptical convex head, in a concave socket

wrist

56
Q

saddle

A

concave head in a convex socket (CMC joint of thumb)

57
Q

pivot joint

A

rotation about an axix

cervical atlas and axis

end of radius and ulna

58
Q

gliding

A

slight gliding back and forth and sideways

joints between carpals/tarsals
intervertebral jts

59
Q

what limits joint motion

A

end points and muscle tension

60
Q

Hilton’s law

A

the joint capsule, the muscles moving in that joint, and the skin overlying the insertion of the muscles have the same nerve supply

61
Q

joint sprain

A

traumatic joint twist that results in stretching or total tearing of stabilizing connective tissues

62
Q

Grade 1 sprain

A

some pain, minimum loss of function, little or no swelling, no laxity

63
Q

Grade 2 sprain

A

pain, moderate loss of function, swelling, slight to moderate instability

64
Q

Grade 3 sprain

A

extremely painful, loss of function, severe instability, tenderness and swelling

65
Q

S/S of joint sprains

A

effusion of blood or synovial fluid into cavity, swelling, increase temp and pain, ecchymosis

66
Q

acute synovitis

A

increase in fluid production and swelling after injury

resolves in a few days

67
Q

subluxation

A

partial dislocation

68
Q

luxation

A

complete dislocations, presenting a total disunion of bone apposition

69
Q

diastasis

A

disjointing of 2 bones parallel to one another
or
rupture of a solid joint (pubic)

70
Q

osteochondrosis

A

degenerative changes in the ossification centers of the epiphyses of bones

OCDs or apophysistis

71
Q

Osteochondritis dissecans

A

located in the knee

72
Q

apophysistis

A

located at tubercle/tuberosity

73
Q

osteoarthritis

A

degeneration of articular or hyaline cartilage

-repeated trauma
can affect whole body joints

s/s localized pain, pain relieved with rest, stiffness that loosens up with activity, creaky joints

74
Q

Bursitis

A

overuse of muscles or tendons or external compression

can lead to calcific deposits

75
Q

capsulitis/synovitis

A

repeated joint injury or with improperly managed joint injury

chronic edema, thickened edema, exudation, crepitus

76
Q

osteocytes

A

bone cells

77
Q

cancellous bone

A

porous bone

78
Q

periosteum

A

outside of bone that contains blood supply

79
Q

flat bones

A

skull, ribs, scapulae

80
Q

irregular bones

A

vertebral column and skull

81
Q

short bones

A

wrist and ankle

82
Q

long bones

A

humerus, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, phalanges

83
Q

diaphysis

A

main shaft of long bone

84
Q

epiphysis

A

located at the ends of long bones

85
Q

medullary cavity

A

hollow tube in the long bone diaphysis; contains a yellow, fatty marrow

86
Q

endosteum

A

lines the medullary cavity

87
Q

calcium salts

A

make bone hard

88
Q

Volkmann’s canal

A

blood circulation connects periosteum with haversian canal

89
Q

periostitis

A

inflammation of the periosteum (contusion) - skin rigidity over underlying muscles

90
Q

depressed fracture

A

usually in flat bones,

91
Q

greenstick fracture

A

incomplete break in bones that have not completely ossified;

92
Q

impacted fracture

A

fall from a height, force goes up the long axis, immediate splinting

93
Q

longitudinal fracture

A

bone splits along its length, often result of jumping and stress directs up long axis

94
Q

spiral fracture

A

S-shaped separation; common in football and skiing

sudden rotation of body with planted foot

95
Q

oblique fracture

A

occur when one end of the bone receives sudden torsion while other is fixed or stabilized

96
Q

serrated fracture

A

2 bony fragments have a saw-tooth, sharp-edged fx line;

97
Q

transverse fracture

A

occur in a straight line at right angles to the bone shaft, caused by direct blow

98
Q

comminuted fracture

A

more than 3 fragments, hard blow, difficult healing process

99
Q

contrecoup fracture

A

occur on side opposite to the point at which trauma was initiated; fx of skull

100
Q

blowout fracture

A

occur to the wall of a bone fragment at an attachment of ligament or tendon. Usually occurs as a result of a sudden, powerful twist or stretch of a body part

101
Q

avulsion fracture

A

separation of a bone fragment at an attachment of ligament or tendon.

sudden powerful twist or stretch of body part

102
Q

causes of stress fractures

A

overload

altered stress distribution

change in movement environment

repetitive stress

103
Q

physiology of stress fractures

A

weight bearing bones undergo bone resorption and become weaker before they become stronger

104
Q

s/s for stress fractures

A

swelling, focal tenderness, pain,

105
Q

salter haris classificiation

A

type 1: separation of physis

type 2: separation of growth plate and small part of metaphysics

type 3: fracture of physics

type 4: fx of portion of physics and metaphysis

type 5: crushing force (growth deformity)

106
Q

apolphyses injuries

A

Sever’s disease and Osgood-Schlatter’s

107
Q

Neuritis

A

inflammation of a nerve

108
Q

referred pain

A

pain that is felt at point of the body other than its origin

109
Q

pathomechanics

A

poor mechanics of movement

BOC (49 decks)

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